EX@FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE
―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS

FORMATION AND REDUCTION OF EGOS' TENDENCIES

REVIEW OF "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS"

    This book is on the basis of "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS." Therefore, if possible, please read this book after those books are read. All the same, the writers of this book will try to write it so that readers can read it even if those books are not read. "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS" explained the basis and theory of egos and their tendencies. This book will explain their application and practice. "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS" will be simply summarized below.
    Appearing things as mental phenomena can be divided into things appearing on sensations and images or things appearing as images. Simply, images are what occur to us. What are premised to cause images as sources can be called Images' Sources or Images. That is, the word of images sometimes designates their sources. Images sources in neuronal systems are neuronal groups excitements and transmissions or activities. The nervous functions which replay images' sources can be called Recollections of Images. Simply, things' occurring to me, being remembered, being anticipated, and so on are recollections of Images, Images' Being Recollected, or things' Being Recollected as Images. When the word of recollections is used, the past things' being remembered may occur to us, but the present things' occurring to us, the future things' being anticipated, and the unreal things' being imagined are included in recollections of images in these books.
    Intentional functions can be classified in the following way. Simple explanations or examples will be taken.

Intentional functions
  (1) Voluntary movements
      They are caused by the excitements and transmissions of the neuronal groups from the motor areas on the frontal lobes to motor nerves and the contractions of striated muscles.
    (1-1) Unitary voluntary movements
      They cannot be separable any more.
      Bending and stretching joints, moving eye balls, moving tongues, moving and straining and relaxing vocal cords, and so on.
    (1-2) Complex voluntary movements
      They consist of unitary ones.
      Walking upright on two legs, running alike, swimming the crawl, butterfly, and so on, and so on.
  (2) Pure mental intentional functions
    (2-1) Manipulations of images
They are egos' manipulating images being recollected.
      Combining images, dissolving them, switching them, escaping them, and so on.
    (2-2) Thinkings
      They consist of associations, manipulations of images and smaller thinkings by egos, and egos.
      Thinkings in a narrow sense, retracings, foreseeings, and daydreamings.
  (3) Synthetic functions
      They consist of voluntary movements and perceptions, associations, and pure mental intentional functions or some other functions.
      Speaking and writing words, operating machines, interpersonal functions, and so on.

    Simply, egos directly cause intentional function in situations. Egos intervene between situations and intentional functions. Metaphorically, situations are inputs, intentional functions are outputs, and egos are computers.
    Not only other persons' but also the self's intentional functions are recognized, generated, memorized, stored, and renewed as images. Out of such images, those which can cause the excitements and transmissions of the following IF and IE can be called "Functional Images(' Sources)."
    There are some neuronal ways (IF) from the neuronal groups which functional images' sources go through to the neuronal groups (functional neuronal groups(FF)) which are the beginnings of intentional functions. Such neuronal ways can be called "Image to Function Neuronal Ways" (IF). When a situation is recognized, some functional images can be recollected, and it can cause some image to function neuronal ways' excite and transmit, and it can causes some functional neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions and some intentional functions. That recognition of a situation, those recollections of functional images, and those image to function neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions can be called a "Rational System" (RS). All the same, the whole of egos or intentional functions could not be caused if there were only rational systems.
    There are some neuronal ways (IE) from the neuronal groups which functional images' sources go through to some pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations. Such neuronal ways can be called "Image to Emotion Neuronal Ways" (IE). When those functional images are recollected, it can cause some image to emotion neuronal ways' excite and transmit, it can cause some pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, and it can cause some functional impulses, and those functional impulses can promote the excitements and transmissions of those image to function neuronal ways (IF) or those functional neuronal groups (FF). Those image to emotion neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions, those pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, those functional impulses, and their promotions of the excitements and transmissions of image to function neuronal ways (IF) or functional neuronal groups (FF) can be called an "Emotional System."
    An ego consists of its rational system and its emotional system. An intentional function is caused by both of those systems. Metaphorically, the rational system propose some intentional functions as functional images which are possible and rational in the situation, and the emotional system decide which of them to adopt and carry out with the reference to pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations and according to which of them is the largest pleasure. The rational system propose several intentional functions as functional images if their possibility and rationality are nearly equal. These intentional functions include those which comply with the law, ethics, and so on in the human society, those which are against them, and those which are original for each individual. It is the emotional system that decide which of them to adopt and carry out. Therefore, in egos, emotional systems are more important than rational ones.
    The rational system and the emotional system which can cause an intentional function can be called a "Limited Ego." Usually in a situation, a lot of limited egos arise and go through a common process. There is a part in that process where limited egos compete with one another. They do not give way to one another. That is because limited egos are neuronal groups or ways' excitements and transmissions. In that part, the limited egos which have the largest tendency to be caused in the competition make the others disappear and are caused, and cause the intentional functions which their functional images designated. The set of those limited egos and that common process which they go through containing that part where they compete can be called a "Limiting Ego." In a limiting ego, at once, more than one limited ego, practically a lot of limited egos arise, and a limited number (N) of them which have the largest tendencies to be caused in the competition are caused. Such tendencies can be called the "Limited Ego's Tendency" (to Be Caused)
    Concerning that number (N), its details were explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS." If the inertial egos explained in it mattered, N could be more than one. Nonetheless, the limited egos which will be explained in this book cannot be inertial ones. Therefore N is one in this book. That is, at once, though a lot of limited egos arise, only one of them which has the largest tendency to be caused is caused. This will agree with our daily feeling that we can think only one thing at once.
    All the same, temporally, a lot of limited egos are caused and do disappear and replace one another in the time of seconds or more. This, too, will agree with our daily feeling that thought is transient.
    In the above way, there are limited egos in a limiting ego, and they are distinguished. However, if they are always distinguished and if the words of "limiting," "limited," or the like are always used, sentences will be complicated. Therefore, when it is clear from the context which is commented on, they will not be distinguished, those words will be omitted, and the words of "egos,""tendencies of egos," or the like will be used.
    What decide such tendencies of (limited) egos are as follows. In a time from the baby period to the present, when an intentional function was caused, when it caused pleasure emotions or reduced displeasure emotions and when they caused pleasure autonomic sensations, the image to emotion neuronal way from the functional image of that intentional function to those pleasure autonomic sensation are activated. When those were repeated, the activity of that neuronal way is increased or retained. At present, when the situation is recognized and when the functional image of that intentional function is recollected, that activated image to emotion neuronal way excites and transmits and they cause those pleasure autonomic sensations and an intense functional impulse, and the whole of the limited ego containing that functional image and that intentional function which it designate are caused. That is, it is which image to emotion neuronal ways are activated how much that decide tendencies of egos. Simply, what decides the tendency of the limited ego intending to cause an intentional functions is how intensely and frequently that intentional function caused pleasure emotions.
    All the same, for grown-ups, there will remain some intentional functions which are unaccountable with that explanation. Why do egos cause such intentional functions as desperation, destruction, and stickiness causing pain in the long run? That is because babies or infants had immature egos as they were, because egos' tendencies have been being formed since the baby period, because such intentional functions caused pleasure emotions for them, and because such tendencies of egos as were formed in the baby and infant period are persistent and are hardly reduced.
    Intentional functions and limited egos are classified into such groups as desperation, destruction, stickiness, and so on. The functional images of the intentional functions belonging to one of such groups cause the excitements and transmissions of the same or similar image to emotion neuronal ways and cause the same or similar pleasure autonomic emotions. Therefore limited egos' tendencies belonging to one of such groups are formed together. The groups of limited egos whose tendencies are formed together can be called limited egos' "Outlines." Limited egos' tendencies are formed with their outlines made units. In addition, the group of the intentional functions caused by the limited egos belonging to an outline can be called an Outline of Intentional Functions.
    In our daily lives and psychology, human intentional functions, limited egos, and their tendencies are often argued with outlines made units. For example, we say that he or she is sticky, destructive, controlling anything, and so on. Also in these books, intentional functions, limited egos, and their tendencies are argued with their outlines made units. Therefore the word of outlines is often omitted in our daily lives and psychology and in these books. For example, the tendency of the outline of limited egos of destroying anything is rewritten into egos' tendency to destroy anything.
    By the way, it is not intentional functions' abilities but limited egos' outlines that are formed with outlines made units. Intentional functions' abilities are formed with the subgroups smaller than outlines made units. For example, the outline of interpersonal escape has some subgroups of (1) directly escaping interpersonal relations by pretending illness, (2) completely superficial interpersonal functions, (3) completely business-like interpersonal functions, (4) destructive and inhospitable interpersonal functions, and so on, each subgroup needs its own ability, and there are few who are good at all of them. For example 2, even in those who have a large tendency to control and destroy anything, the ability to be a lion at home and a mouse abroad can be developed.
    That a (limited) ego's (outline's) tendency gets larger can be called its Formation or Being Formed, and that it gets smaller can be called its Reduction or Being Reduced. Though the word "reduction" may make a bad impression, for example, when the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to destroy anything, and so on are reduced, some pain in the long run is reduced. When their tendencies are not reduced, that pain is not reduced.
    In general, such tendencies of (limited) egos(' outlines) as desperation, stickiness, showing off the self are formed in the baby and infant period, and thereafter they are reduced. Such formation and reduction of them in an individual can be looked into well with the absolute values of tendencies. In contrast, the excessive formation and delayed reduction of them can be looked into well with the standard deviation values of tendencies among the same species and age, too, taken into consideration. Therefore not only their absolute values but also their standard deviation values are dealt as tendencies, and their increase and decrease are treated as their formation and reduction in these books. In addition, the matrix where the absolute values or the standard deviation values of limited egos' outlines' tendencies in the limiting ego of an individual are made its elements can be called the "Limiting Ego's Tendencies" or its "Habit." In addtition, that some of its elements are changed can be called its Formation or Reformation. For example, a limiting ego's tendencies can be described as (the tendency to be desperate, the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to show off the self, ...) = (62. 56, 64, ...).
    In such a way a limited ego's tendency and a limiting ego's tendencies or habit are distinguished. However, when it is clear in the context which are designated, they can be called Egos' Tendencies. In addition, even if the modifier of "limited egos' outlines'" is not used, the word of tendencies usually designate limited egos' outlines' tendencies. In addition, even if the modifier of "intentional functions'" is not used, the word of abilities designate intentional functions' abilities in these books.

HUMANITY AND PERSONALITY

What is called personality consists of intelligence, knowledge, mental emotions' tendencies, intentional functions' abilities, and egos' tendencies. The most important of them are egos' tendencies. The next most important of them are intentional functions' abilities or mental emotions' tendencies. For example, though interpersonal anxiety and the abilities of interpersonal functions are important, if limited egos' tendency to escape interpersonal relations is formed, interpersonal functions are rarely caused, the abilities of interpersonal functions stay more and more immature, and interpersonal anxiety gets more and more intense.
What was important for human beings should have been intelligence, knowledge, the products of thinkings, that is, thoughts or ideas, intentional functions' abilities, and the tendencies and objects of desires, and what was called "humanity" consists of them. Particularly since the enlightenment movement, they have been paid our highest respect to, and have formed various modern cultures. These books never deny that they are important for human beings. All the same, the tendencies of egos can deviate their formation. For example, in those who have intense tendencies of egos to control or destroy anything, domineering, destructive, and belligerent desires and thoughts are formed. In such a way, the tendencies of egos decide not only personality but also humanity.

PERIODS DURING WHICH THE TENDENCIES OR ABILITIES OF SMILAR FUNCTIONS ARE FORMED IN LUMPS

    There are such periods as follows during which the tendencies or abilities of similar functions are formed in lumps: (1) the period during which egos' tendencies are formed by imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions and then reduced, (2) the period during which egos' tendencies and mental emotions' tendencies are formed by coping with the self's images and their surroundings and their products, and (3) The period during which egos' tendencies are formed by coping with egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities. (1)(2)(3) can be called the "Baby and Infant Period," the "Postinfant and Preadlescent Period," and the "Adolescent Period" respectively.

Averagely in human beings, those periods span the following ages:

(1) the baby and infant period:
the ages from 0 to 3
(2) the postinfant and preadlescent period:
the ages fro 3 to 12
(3) the adolescent period:
the ages from 12 to 17

Again, it is averagely that they are so

(1) The baby and infant period
    The short-circuit, stickiness, showing off the self, and so forth in newborns are instinctive functions also in human beings. All the same, there are very primordial egos as they are also in human newborns, and egos begin to develop. Such egos imitate and piggyback such instinctive functions. This is because almost all they can imitate are their own instinctive functions. Thus the tendencies of egos similar to instincts causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are formed.
    All the same, the tendencies of those instinctive functions are the largest in newborns, and thereafter they reduce. In addition, the frames of egos and memories imitating functions other than instinctive functions begin to develop. Therefore the tendencies of egos similar to instincts causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions begin to reduce after being formed. After all in this period, the tendencies of egos similar to instincts causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are formed and thereafter they reduce.
    In addition, the abilities of intentional functions like crawling, standing, walking, and speaking begin to develop. Above all, the abilities of walking upright on two legs and speaking words, which are the most fundamental intentional functions in human beings, begin to develop, and the former are formed almost fully in this period.
    As for interpersonal relations, the relations with their mothers or main caregivers occupy most of them. The influences of such situations will be explained later.

(2) The (postinfant and) preadolescent period
    The frames of memories are matured almost fully, and the contents of memories get richer. Therefore we can recall some events caused in this period. In other words, we cannot recall anything before the maturation of memories. Again in other words, because the frames of memories had not been matured, we cannot recall anything before the age of three or four. Again in other words, it is that we can guess the self's border between the baby and infant period and the postinfant and preadolescent period by re-collecting the ages of some things which can be recalled even partially. The most general of such things are the birth of younger brothers or sisters or the death of grand or grand-grand parents.
    By such maturation of memories, the self's images begin to be generated. Sooner or later thereafter, the finiteness of the self in contrast to the infiniteness of the world begin to be recognized. Soon thereafter the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later begin to be caused. Simultaneously, the tendencies of egos and emotions coping with the self's images and the surroundings and that anxiety begin to be formed.
    As for interpersonal relations, they begin to enter relations apart from their mothers or main caregivers, but they enter relations with their support or in facilities or schools.

(3) The adolescent period
    They come to recognize egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities of the self, and egos' tendencies coping with them are formed.
    As for interpersonal relations, the abilities of interpersonal functions enough to cause independent ones have barely been formed. Anyway, they are still in schools at the present day.
    It overlaps in most part with the period from the beginning to the end of rapid development of sexual functions.
    The indicator of the beginning of this period is the time when they begin to think of what is called "personality" of the self including egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities.

CARE OF CHILDREN

The functions to a child by some older human beings which are essential to its existence and development, above all, in the baby and infant period can be called their "Care" of it. It includes breast or bottle feeding, diaper changing, hugging, bathing, and weaning.

MOTHERS

The human beings in the position where they should mainly take care of a child in the baby and infant period can be called its "Mothers (or Caregivers)." Those who are in such a position are mothers, and they do not always take proper care. In addition, they do not always do so with love.
Though mothers are usually a biological mother, they can be a biological father, mothers-in-law, fathers-in-law, grand mothers or fathers, older sisters or brothers, specialists, or the like. In addition, mothers are not always one. For example 1, in the case that a child's biological father is in unemployment and that its biological mother is in employment, the two can be its mothers. For example 2, in the case that a child's biological mother died at its age of one and that one of its grandmothers brought it up after her death, the two can be its mothers. For example 3, in the case where a child's biological mother is busy at regular work and leaves it with babysitters, its biological mother and those babysitters, who are usually more than one, can be its mothers. Therefore the plural form of "mothers (or caregivers)" are often used even for one child in these books. Nonetheless, most mothers are a biological mother. That is because not of an idealistic reason but of a realistic one.

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS OF CHILDREN IN THE BABY AND INFANT PERIOD

The interpersonal relations of children in the baby and infant period are limited to their mothers or caregivers. In addition, they have no choice of interpersonal relations. They cannot help acquiring the care for existence and growth, satisfying drives to gather and interpersonal desires, and reducing the anxiety about isolation in such limited interpersonal relations.

MOTHERS' LOVE

    Usually, mothers' love of children is unified with mothers' care of children and some other interpersonal functions. Simply, mothers take more or less care of children with more or less love. Metaphorically, love is the spice of care. Though babies survive and grow biologically with care even without love, what become of them psychologically. It seems to be confirmed by the observation of those who are born with heavy disorders excluding nervous ones and brought up with various machines and tubes attached in incubators. Nonetheless, it cannot be confirmed because they are in the midst of the human relations with the masters of childcare like nurses or childminders. Researchers, of course, cannot direct those masters not to have any love.
    Emotions were explained closely in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS." Pleasure and displeasure sensations, drives, feelings, desires, and complex emotions can be called Emotions. Love is a kind of complex emotion which consists of sexual drives, drives to gather, drives to protect and nurse children, anxiety about isolation, interpersonal desires, and so on. Not only human beings but some mammals have some love. Human beings have the most complicated love of all animals.
    Love is different to a great degree depending on its objects and situations. From the beginning, it is wrong that the love of mothers for their children, that between different sexes, that for particular human beings, that for general human beings, that for the truth, and so on are argued with the same word "love." In this book, from now on, the word "love" designates mothers' love of their children.
    (1) First , it can be thought that there are some drives to bear, protect, and bring up children also in human beings, that they are formed mainly innately by genes, and that mothers' love of children is more or less based on such drives. It is possible that there are such drives more or less in all seniors regardless of blood relations. (2) Second, mothers' love of their children is influenced by the change of endocrine systems and nervous systems which start with pregnancy. All the same, such innate (1)(2) are not everything. (3) Third, a part of mothers' love is what is caused for the first time when mothers face their babies after delivery. Such a part can be caused not only in a biological mother but also in any young or old man or woman who is in the position where he or she should mainly take care of a baby, that is, any mother or caregiver. Even when a baby is the second, third or the like for its mother, she has almost forgotten the feeling which she had when she faced the first, second, or the like. (4) Forth, babies or infants attract or alienate mothers while growing, and influence mothers' love. We should not ignore the parts (3)(4) of love based on such encounters and interactions. The complex emotion based on (1)-(4) can be called (Mothers') "Natural" Love (for Children), and the complex emotion where such love is dominant can be called (Mothers') Love (for Children).
    Mothers' love is contaminated with such selfish desires as children will become some labor force when grown up and as children will take care of mothers in mothers' old age. Such desires are influenced by social systems. For example 1, in a nation where elderly welfare is promoted, a minority of mothers will want their children to take care of them. For example 2, in a nation where the systems for the protection of laborers' right and for children's pubic education are established, a minority of mothers will force their children to work. Anyway, the complex emotions where such selfish desires are dominant cannot be called mothers' love. All the same, it is inevitable that such selfish desires are blended with love. As long as such natural love as was explained above is dominant, such mixture is harmless for children. Children, too, will find that such mixture to a degree is inevitable and harmless when they grow up.
    In addition, mothers' love is accompanied with the feeling of the duty to bring up their children in good health. Such a duty is based on unwritten and written laws. The complex emotions where such feeling of duty is dominant cannot be called mothers' love. All the same, some feeling of duty is necessary.
    Again, the complex emotion where the natural love as was explained above is dominant can be called Mothers' Love. Therefore mothers do not need to think of love seriously. Though extreme, those who think what is mothers' love do not have it.
    In general, other persons' emotions are recognized and perceived. All the same, that recognition is not always correct. Also in the children before the age of three, mothers' love is perceived and recognized. Here,

(1)(Mothers') love (for their children)
(2)The love recognized by mothers
(3)The love sought by mothers
(4)The love recognized by children
(5)The love sought by children

    What matters for children is (4)(5) and the difference between (4) and (5). What matters for mothers is (1)(2)(3), the difference between (2) ans (3), and the difference between them and (4)(5) and the difference between (4) and (5). All the same, as long as the natural love explained above is dominant, those differences do not matter much. That is because all that babies or infants can recognize is the natural love explained above and because they cannot recognize adults' affairs.
    In addition, children seek not deep or abundant love but common love where the natural love explained above is dominant. That is because babies or infantes are not poets or psychologists and because they do not need to seek deep or abundant love.
    Again, mothers' love of children is unified with mothers' care of children and some other interpersonal functions. However, if it was always explained and if the words like "mothers’ love, care, and some other interpersonal functions for children where natural love is dominant" were always used, sentences would be complicated. Therefore, in those books, when love is dominant, they are called Love; when care is dominant, they are called Care; when the both are dominant, they are called Love and Care.

MOTHERS' THINNESS OF LOVE OR CARE

    It often happens that Mothers' love or care goes thin temporarily. In contrast, that mothers' love or care is thin continuously or continually can be called "(Mothers') Thinness of Love (or Care). For example 1, when mothers are isolated and they have few interpersonal relations with others, some of them do not let their children go away from themselves and make use of the relations with their children in order to reduce the feeling of being isolated. In such a case, the desires and egos intending to reduce such a feeling are dominant, and love becomes thin. That is, not letting their children go away in such a way is seeming love. For example 2, when their desires like those for work, those for partners, and so on are unsatisfied in general, some mothers heighten their desires for their children and try to satisfy those unsatisfied emotions. Such desires for children heightened in such a way are not natural love and make love thin. Moreover, these two examples lead to the enclosure which will be explained later. As was explained earlier, all that children can recognize is natural love. Though they cannot recognize the causes or situations which make love thin, they can recognize the thinness of natural love and, as a result, the whole of love.
    When a baby or infant's mothers take care of it with love in the baby and infant period, it is satisfied with the love and care and is sometimes bored with love, they seek some of the things other than love, and the tendencies of infantile egos formed by the imitation of instinctive functions like being sticky and showing off the self. In contrast, when its mothers' love and care are thin, it cannot be satisfied with love, it goes on seeking it forever, it goes on being sticky, showing off the self, and so on, the tendencies of infantile egos formed by the imitation of instinctive functions.
    Mothers' thinness of love are the most potent external situation that forms falling tendencies which will be explained later.
    Battering, neglect, and so on are more serious and clearer than mothers' thinness of love. All the same, we should not neglect the latter by paying too much attention to the former. Anyway, the former contain the latter. Battering, neglect, and so on are included in mothers' thinness of love in these books.

ENCLOSURES

    An individual's, above all, a mother's keeping other individuals, above all, his or her children to himself or herself and not letting them go apart from himself or herself both physically and mentally in order to increase or maintain his or her pleasure emotions or decrease his or her displeasure emotions can be called the individual's "Enclosure" of the other individuals or Enclosing them.
    In mothers, when their desires' dissatisfaction is intense in general, the desires which can be satisfies with their children are heightened, and mothers often enclose their children. Above all, when mothers are isolated, when their interpersonal relations are limited, and when they fall into the dissatisfaction of interpersonal desires, they often enclose their children in order to satisfy their interpersonal desires with their children.
    In enclosure, it is some mental emotions other than love that mothers try to satisfy. As a result, love goes thin in enclosure.     Enclosures overlap in a large part with what is called "interference." Seeming love's overflow is sometimes enclosure.
    Mothers' thinness of love and enclosure of their children are the main external situation that forms falling tendencies of children which will be explained later.

IMITATIONS

    An intentional function of other individuals' and an instinctive function of the self is perceived, and the tendencies of the egos trying to cause them are formed. This is the first half of an imitation. Though poorly, egos cause the intentional function again and again. This is the second half of an imitation of try and error. When they are repeated, the ability of that intentional function is formed. This is the completion of imitation and the ending of try and error. Thus all the formations of intentional functions' abilities and egos' tendencies involve some imitations more or less. All the same, in some of those formations, try and error is too dominant to make it is hard to use the word of imitation. For example, such a word is hard to use in the formation of the ability of the intentional function like walking upright on two legs or speaking or writing words.
    In addition, concerning the imitation of the self's instinctive functions, the word of imitation might be inappropriate. That is because there is too little try and error. It might be appropriate to use the word of "piggybacking." Therefore the both words of imitation and piggybacking will sometimes be used in these books.
    In contrast, the following usages will be common. Above all, destroying anything and controlling anything are imitated, and egos' tendency to destroy and control anything are formed, above all, in the preadolescent and adolescent period. For example, though it is a pity, it cannot help being said that the children brought up in violent groups often become destructive.
    All the same, egos' tendency to destroy anything is formed in the baby and infant period also by imitating and piggybacking the self's instinctive functions. Such destructive tendency as was formed in the baby and infant period tends to head for the self.

FACING OR CONFRONTING AND ESCAPING

    When a thing (O) causes some displeasure emotions (DEO),
when an intentional function (F) dealing with O also causes some displeasure emotions (DEF),
when F can increase or maintain some pleasure emotions or can decrease some displeasure ones in the future,
and when another intentional function (E) dealing with O can decrease DEO temporarily,
an ego's causing F can be called the ego's Facing or Confronting O or F,
and an ego's causing E can be called the ego's escape from O or F or escaping (from) O or F. In addition, the outline of F can be called (the outline of intentional functions of) Facing or Confronting or Confrontation, and the outline of E can be called (the outline of intentional functions of) Escaping or Escape. In addition, limited egos' outline causing facing can be called (limited egos' outline of) Facing or Confronting or Confrontation, and limited egos' outline causing escaping can be called (limited egos' outline of) Escaping or Escape.
    Facing and escaping can be looked upon as bipolar functions as those dealing with O. All the same, facing and escaping in the one hand and waiting and seeing in the other hand can be looked upon as bipolar functions, too. Not facing or escaping at once but waiting and seeing is a potent function for animals including human beings.
    For example 1, it is confrontation for the people involved in a war to carry out dangerous running away for the sake of the safety in the future. In such a way, running away is sometimes confrontation and is not the same as escaping. In addition, in this case, it is facing the intentional function of running away.
    For example 2, as will be explained later, egos sometimes switch some images which cause some pain. It is the escape from those images. We sometimes switch and escape some of the self's images which cause the pain like self-hatred, anxiety, and so on.
    All the same, we usually do not face or escape but do wait and see in our daily life. In contrast to daily waiting and seeing, daring to do so in impending situations can also be looked upon as facing or confronting. For example, when mothers have moderate love of their children, around the age of six months, babies come to be able to wait and see without desperately crying out even if they have moderate thirst and hunger. This is looked upon as facing an intentional function of waiting and seeing and an important step to independence.
    In contrast, not being able to wait and see and always facing or escaping or doing something instantly can be called Short-circuiting. This short-circuit is often not fit for the genes, individuals, groups, and species of animals including human beings to exist. For example 1, running away instantly when natural enemies are still far away increases the possibility of being found and assaulted. For example 2, if we started a fight or a war with a little hostility, we could not exist. Nonetheless, it is fit for some small animals like mice, squirrels, and so on to short-circuit and running away instantly.
    Anyway, in order to prevent overwork, animals including human beings cannot always face or confront, and we sometimes need to escape, to wait and see, to rest, and so on. These books never say that we should always face or confront everything. They make it clear what we need to face or confront.

FACING AND ESCAPING IMAGES

    Some images just recollected cause some pain. This is a displeasure feeling, which was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS." For example, the self's immature abilities of interpersonal functions recollected as images cause pain like anxiety, self-hatred, dishonor, and so on.
    As was explained in that book, it is hard or impossible for any egos directly to bring farther or extinguish any images being recollected. Therefore each ego brings some images farther by taking some other images closer. This is a "switch" from some images to some other images. When some recollected images cause intense pain, all that egos need to do to reduce that pain is switch from them to some trifles. Simply, what are switched to makes no difference. In such a case, switching from some images to some other images can be called egos' Escape from or Escaping (from) the former. For example, when the self's immature abilities of interpersonal functions are recollected as images and when those images cause anxiety, self-hatred, and so on, some egos switch to the images of some other abilities of theirs like intelligence, physical ability, or appearance which they think to be excellent or to those of some possessions like power, status, or money and escape those images.
    In contrast, egos' not escaping from some images causing some pain and manipulating them or start to thinking of them can be called egos' Facing or Confronting the images.
    When an ego face some images, the confrontation with those images is recollected as the most complicated functional image. Simultaneously, the increase or maintenance of some pleasure or the decrease of some pain in the future is recollected as images, and some pleasure autonomic sensations like moderate palpitation and smooth respiration are caused in such a way as was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS." For example, the future ease, cheers, and so on caused by the formation of the self's abilities of interpersonal functions are recollected as images. Therefore egos face the self's immature abilities recollected as images though they temporarily cause the pain like anxiety and self-hatred.
    Facing or confronting and escaping images can be represented by the words of mental facing or confronting and mental escaping. These words will sometimes be used in these books.

TENDENCIES TO FACING OR CONFRONT AND TO ESCAPE

Facing or confronting, escaping, and waiting and seeing are also limited egos' outlines and they have their tendencies. For example, some human beings confront frequently and intensely, some escape frequently and intensely, some frequently and moderately wait and see.
While the tendencies of the other outlines of egos are formed, reduced, or reformed mainly in particular periods, there are no such particular periods in the tendencies to face or confront, those to escape, and those to wait and see, and their tendencies fluctuate irregularly from birth to death. All the same, their tendencies, intensity, and frequency, and the periods when their tendencies are formed are not so important. What matters is what egos have escaped and what egos will face. Again, these books never say that egos should always be confronting everything.

TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

INSTINCTIVE FUNCTIONS

    Instinctive functions need to be explained before explaining falling tendencies. The functions which are intentional functions caused by egos and whose abilities and tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly in human adults but which are caused by some things other than egos and whose abilities and tendencies are formed mainly innately in human newborns and other animals can be called "(Innate and) Instinctive" Functions. For example, adults' sucking milk is an intentional function but newborns' doing it is an instinctive function. In general in human beings and other higher mammals, the abilities and tendencies of instinctive functions reduce or disappear as they grow. For example, the way adults suck milk is awkward and hesitant.
    There are infantile egos as they are in babies or infants. In babies or infants, whose perceptions, memories, and voluntary movements are hardly developed, all that infantile egos can imitate are their own instinctive functions, and they imitate and piggyback some instinctive functions. The instinctive functions which they imitate and piggyback can be classified into some outlines, which later become outlines of (limited) egos by egos' imitating and piggybacking them. Such outlines include short-circuit, being desperate, destroying anything, being sticky, showing off the self, and controlling anything.
  While such outlines are instinctive functions', they are fit functions for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist.
  Short circuit is small animals' running away or hiding instantly when they are assaulted by natural enemies, human newborns' crying instantly after delivery, most mammals' sucking milk instantly after delivery, or the like. Being sticky is most animal children's dangling after and clinging to their parents. Showing off the self is most animal children's attracting their parents' attention by chirping, crying, or the like. They are fit functions for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist, and without them animals cannot exist.
    As for being desperate, destroying anything and controlling anything, it is fit for genes, individuals, groups, and species for exist depending on situations to switch between offense, defense, waiting and seeing, controlling, submission, trusting, independence, dependence, and so on. All the same, in the situations which seems to be vital and to be hard to overcome by any functions, animals sometimes become desperate and try to destroy and control anything. Such desperation, destruction, and control can destroy the self, too. All the same, such instinctive functions sometimes lead to survival miraculously and make natural enemies threatened even temporarily. Also human babies, when their mothers' care is delayed, become desperate and destructive and try to control their mothers as if they were tyrants by crying more fiercely than any other animal babies.
    By definition, the abilities and tendencies of instinctive functions are formed mainly innately (by genes). Moreover, they in general reduce as animals grow. This reduction is caused mainly innately by genes. This innate reduction, as it were, are caused by the genes concerning instinctive functions' being restrained by some other genes or by the genes causing the frames of acquired functions' getting dominant.

TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

    The outlines of limited egos which consist of (1-1)(1-2)(1-3) and have the following properties (2)(3)(4) can be called the "(Outlines of) (Limited) Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle)."

(1-1) Averagely in the human beings in the baby and infant period, the limited egos' outlines whose tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions and which have the following properties (2)(3)(4) can be called "Infantile (or Infant)" Egos(' Outlines) Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called Infantile Tendencies Falling (into Vicious Circle).
(1-2) Averagely in the human beings in the postinfant and preadolescent period, the limited egos' outlines whose tendencies are formed by egos' coping with the gap between the self's images and the world's and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later can be called "Preadolescent" Egos(' Outlines) Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called Preadolescent Tendencies Falling (into Vicious Circle).
(1-3) Averagely in human beings in the adolescent period, the limited egos' outlines whose tendencies are formed by egos' coping with infantile and preadolescent falling tendencies and which have the following properties (2)(3)(4) can be called "Adolescent" Egos(' Outlines) Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called Adolescent Tendencies Falling (into a Vicious Circle).
(2) The intentional functions caused by them temporarily reduce the self's pain or cause the self's pleasure emotions. All the same, in the long run, the intentional functions caused by them causes the self's and other persons' pain, above all, the self's mental pain intensely and continuously or continually.
(3) Their tendencies are together formed or reduced.
(4) They and their tendencies cause various kinds of vicious circles.

    Moreover, The outlines of intentional functions caused directly by falling egos can be called the "(Outlines of) Intentional Functions Falling (into a Vicious Circle)." The outlines of the other functions caused indirectly by falling egos can be called the "(Outlines of) Functions Falling (into a Vicious Circle)(in a Narrow Sense)." Falling egos, falling intentional functions, and falling functions in a narrow sense can be called "(Outlines of) Functions Falling (into a Vicious Circle)." The tendencies of falling functions can be called "Tendencies Falling (into a Vicious Circle)." The matrix of falling tendencies can be called "Tendencies (or Habit) Falling (into a Vicious Circle)." Moreover, just the same can be done as to infantile, preadolescent, and adolescent ones.
    The functions in falling functions can be not only (limited) egos(' outlines) or intentional functions(' outlines) but also recollections of images and mental emotions. For example, the expansion of the gap between the self and the world is a recollection of images, and the desire to make the self eternal is literally a desire included in mental emotions. All the same, most falling functions are (limited) egos(' outlines), and most falling tendencies are (limited) egos' (outlines') tendencies. In short, the responsibility for falling tendencies lies with egos.
    For example, (the standard deviation value of) the falling tendencies (or habit) of an individual is described as follows.

(the tendency to short-circuit, the tendency to be desperate, the tendency to destroy anything, the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to show off the self,...) = (67, 71, 58, 72, 62,...)
    It is hard for human beings in the postadolescent period to understand why such falling tendencies as cause such pain in the long run are formed. That is because even human newborns or babies have infantile egos as they are, because falling functions frequently reduced their pain even though temporarily, because the tendencies formed in that period are hard to reduce or reform, because preadolescent and adolescent falling tendencies are formed on the basis of infantile falling tendencies, and because we cannot remember anything in the baby and infant period.

THE ACQUIRED FORMATION OF FALLING TENDENCIES

As was explained above, most falling tendencies are egos' tendencies. As was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES," egos' tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly. Then are falling tendencies formed mainly acquiredly? As was explained above, infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions. If what are imitated or piggybacked are innately formed, what is formed by that imitation or piggybacking cannot be said to be formed completely acquiredly, can it? All the same, in animals including human beings, the tendencies of instinctive functions are the largest in newborns, and thereafter they decease sooner or later. Therefore egos' imitation and piggybacking of instinctive functions also decrease. Even after the tendencies of instinctive functions are reduced, if intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are caused, what causes them is nothing but infantile but authentic egos. All the same, there was egos' imitation and piggybacking of them at least in the neonatal period. Here it is probable that acquiredly in newborns or babies whose tendencies of instinctive functions are large innately, the tendencies of egos similar to instinct causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are intensely formed. Therefore falling tendencies including infantile ones are formed not "completely" but "mainly" acquiredly.

FALLING TENDENCIES' BEING FORMED TOGETHER

First, infantile falling tendencies are formed together in the following reason (1)(2). (1) Originally, infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions, and the tendencies of instinctive functions are not much different among individuals. (2) the main external situation forming them are the same mothers' thinness of love and enclosure and the child's imitation of the same mothers.
Also after postinfant and preadolescent period, infantile falling tendencies remain more or less and go on affecting preadolescent, adolescent, and postadolescent falling tendencies, and in most cases, the situation of (2) does not change drastically. Therefore falling tendencies in general are formed together.

THE UNIVERSALITY OF FALLING TENDENCIES

Infantile, preadolescent, and adolescent falling tendencies are the largest respectively in the baby and infant period, in the postinfant and preadolescent period, and in the adolescent period, and all of them reduce thereafter. All the same, in every individual, all of them never disappear and do remain more or less. That is, all human beings have falling tendencies more or less. It is not at all that what is called mental disorders only have them. It is no more than that some extreme cases of falling tendencies can be looked upon as some mental disorders. This book tries to explain not such extreme cases but such falling functions and tendencies as all human beings have. In addition, this book will make it clear that everybody needs to confront falling functions and tendencies. However, they will become easier to understand them when a little heavier examples of them are enumerated, and so it will be done. Nonetheless, please do not forget that everybody has falling functions and tendencies and needs to confront them.
Falling functions include the following, and the following occupy most of them.

INFANTILE FALLING TENDENCIES

    Again, newborns have very primordial egos as they are, such egos imitate and piggyback instinctive functions, and the tendencies of egos similar to instinct causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are formed. Again, the tendencies of instinctive functions are the largest in newborns, thereafter they are reduced, and the imitation and piggybacking of them are reduced. Even after the tendencies of instinctive functions are reduced, if intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are caused, what causes them is nothing but infantile but authentic egos. Then what makes such egos as cause them go on functioning?
    Out of instinctive functions, for newborns, being sticky and showing off the self are fit functions for seeking love, short-circuit, controlling anything, and destroying anything are fit functions for seeking care, and desperation is fit functions for seeking the both. So are intentional functions similar to them. Therefore egos cause those intentional functions for a while even after the tendencies of those instinctive functions are reduced, and they are no longer instinctive functions. All the same, the outlines of those intentional functions or egos will be designated with the words of those used-to-be instinctive functions. That is, from now on, the words of short-circuit, desperation, being sticky, showing of the self, controlling anything, destroying anything will designate the outlines of intentional functions or egos. However, in order to distinguish them from the other intentional functions or egos, they will be called (the outlines of) "Instinctive Intentional Functions" or (the Outlines of) Instinctive (Limited) Egos for a while.
    When their mothers' love and care are sufficient, baby or infant egos cause some intentional functions, too, other than instinctive ones, and the tendencies of some outlines of egos other than instinctive egos begin to be formed, and the tendencies of the outlines of instinctive egos begin to be reduced. In contrast, when their mothers' love or care is thin, baby or infant egos cannot help seeking them and going on causing instinctive intentional functions, and the tendencies of the outlines of instinctive egos.
    Again, the tendencies of instinctive functions go on reducing after birth, and the imitation and piggybacking of them also reduce. Then the instinctive intentional functions and egos existing and functioning a while after birth are particular to higher mammals including human beings. They become, to put them better, human, original, sophisticated things and, to put them worse, unnatural, artificial, and cunning things. Thus infantile falling functions, too, are formed mainly acquiredly.
    Nonetheless, there remain a potent instinctive function and outline of instinctive intentional functions and egos. It is isolation. In newborns of general animals, it is not a fit function to go apart from their mothers or groups and to go independent or isolated. Gradually as they grow, they come independent. Nonetheless, children, who are bullied or battered in their groups, cannot help isolating themselves from their groups. Such an isolating themselves is the last instinctive function, as it were. In human beings, when their mothers' love and care are thin, infantile egos as they are function very hard and isolate themselves, and that mentally. What such isolation bring about will be explained later.
    Now let us go into specifics.

SHORT-CIRCUIT

    That egos hardly and rarely wait and see, bypass, think, or the like and often cause intentional functions at once can be called "Short-circuit" or Short-circuiting. The contrary is waiting and seeing, bypassing, thinking, and so on.
    Short-circuit is fit instinctive functions for the genes, individuals, groups, and species of some animal species to exist. For example, the small animals like mice, squirrels, and so on could not exist if they did not run away instantly when attacked by carnivores.
    In addition, occasionally waiting and seeing and bypassing is fit for animal genes, individuals, groups, and the species to exist. For example, small animals need to keep still for a while after they run away and hide themselves. In addition, some carnivores ambush others.
    Averagely in animals, newborns short-circuit, and this is a fit instinctive function for them to exist. That is because sucking milk, keeping heat, and so on are urgently necessary for them. Thereafter, they come to wait and see, to bypass, and so on step by step. This change and the result are also fit for them to exist.
    Also in human beings, a newborn cry and cry and short-circuit when it has pain, hunger, or thirst. This is an instinctive function. Otherwise, most mothers would failed in nursing. All the same, when its mothers takes care of it with love, even if care like feeding milk is delayed, it comes to be able to wait and see for minutes around the middle of the baby period (about the age of 0.5), and the tendency to short-circuit starts to be reduced. Also thereafter, children experience the needlessness and disadvantages of short-circuiting and the necessity and advantages of waiting and seeing, bypassing, thinking, and so on, and the tendency to short-circuit is reduced and the tendencies to wait and see, to by-pass, to think, and so on are formed.
    In contrast, when mothers' love is thin and when their care is insufficient, infantile egos as they are goes on short-circuiting and crying desperately, and the tendencies to short-circuit, to be desperate, and to destroy anything are often formed.
    When the tendency to short-circuit is formed, egos only cause the intentional functions which are short-circuit or those whose abilities have already been formed, above all, falling intentional functions. Therefore the abilities of other intentional functions and the tendencies of other egos' outlines are hardly formed, and falling tendencies are hardly reduced. This is also a vicious circle.
    In addition, when the tendency to short-circuit is formed, egos rarely intend to think, and the ability to think is not formed sufficiently. Then, if egos intend to think and behave themselves, those thinkings are superficial and poor, and those behaviors do not bring any good results. Then egos give up thinkings in general and even beautify and justify short-circuit in general. Then, the abilities to think are not formed, and the tendency to short-circuit is formed more and more. This is a vicious circle, too.
    However, some of the original products which short-circuit often bring about are sometimes masterpieces by accident and the child is sometimes admired as a genius. Such admiration often prompts children to fall into the vicious circle.
    Such a short-circuit as has been explained in this section needs to be clearly distinguished from the short-circuit of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. While the main cause of the latter is functional and organic disorders of nervous system, that of the former is the process of formation of egos' tendencies in the baby and infant period. While the treatment of the latter is not established, the former is improved by egos' facing or confronting the self's falling functions and tendencies, above all, the self's giving up thinkings and beautifying and justifying its short-circuit.

DESPERATION

When their mothers' love is thin and when babies cannot wait and see when care is delayed, they cry desperately and go desperate. When they go desperate, most animals including human babies hardly stop themselves from destroying themselves or others. Therefore the tendency to be desperate and that to destroy anything are often formed together.
In addition, babies can attract mothers' attention by being desperate and destructive. Above all, higher mammals' babies including human beings' intentionally go desperate and destructive in order to attract mothers' attention. After all, the tendencies to short-circuit, to be desperate, to destroy anything, to show off the self, and to control anything are often formed together.

DESTROYING ANYTHING

    When animals suffer the attacks from the same or different species or natural disasters, they protect themselves, fight back, run away, hide themselves, and so on. Switching them depending on the situation is fit for animal genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist. All the same, when those functions are not effective, some animals go desperate and destroy anything. Such destruction sometimes involves the self as a result. Though their success rate is smaller than the functions enumerated above, being desperate and destroying anything are sometimes fit for the animals facing extreme danger to exist and are usually the last resort.
    Destruction is directed toward the same species in human beings more often than in other animals. For example, battering, bullying, violence, war, slaughter, and so on are included in destruction. Such large-scale destruction like war and slaughter is sometimes caused by the tendency of holders of powers to destroy anything.
    In addition, in human beings, destruction is sometimes directed toward the self intentionally. Not only suicide and self-injury but also anorexia, bulimia, drug abuse, and so on overlap in much part with the destruction of the self. Destruction of the self is included in destroying anything in these books.
    Animal babies also go desperate and destroy anything. For example, human babies cry and kick their beds and mothers when their care is delayed.
    In human beings, when a baby is taken care of with love by its mothers, around the middle of the baby period (around the age of 0.5), it comes to be able to wait and see, do not destroy anything, and cause some interpersonal functions other than destruction to its mothers and other persons, and its tendency to destroy anything is reduced.
    In contrast, when its mothers' care and love are not enough, it goes on short-circuiting, going desperate, and destroying anything, and its tendency to destroy anything is often not reduced but formed.
    In such a way, the tendency to destroy anything is formed also in the baby period by babies' short-circuiting and going desperate by mothers' thinness of love and care. The destruction whose tendency is formed in the baby and infant period is usually directed toward the self in and after the adolescent period. The origin of the tendency of self-injury in and after the adolescent period like wrist cutting, overdosing is formed in such a way in the baby and infant period. In addition, such a tendency to destroy anything sometimes leads to drug dependence, eating disorder, and so on.
    The tendency to destroy anything is formed also in and after the preadolescent period by children's imitation of seniors. For example 1, though it is a pity, the children of destructive parents are often destructive. For example 2, though it is a pity very much, the children brought up in a violent group are often destructive. Those are caused by children's imitation of seniors. Such destruction whose tendency is formed in and after the preadolescent period is usually directed toward other persons.
    In addition, mothers and other persons' intense enclosure of children and children's intense destruction of that enclosure in the adolescent period often form the tendency to destroy anything. Children need to rebel against their parents and to destroy their enclosure in order to win independence. That is, moderate destruction of enclosure is necessary. Nonetheless, when parents' enclosure and children's destruction are too intense and frequent, the tendency to destroy anything are formed.
    In addition, though moderate rebellion promote children's independence, in excessive rebellion, they rebel wholly and rarely cause other functions, and the tendencies of other outlines of egos and the abilities of other intentional functions are little formed. As a result, their independence are hindered.

STICKINESS

    Limited egos' outline intending not to come apart from and not to let go things including other individuals belonging to the same species, and in human beings, those intending to do so both physically and mentally and intending to get love from other persons can be called "Stickiness," Being sticky, or Sticking or Dangling to or about them.
    Newborns' stickiness is an instinctive function fit for animal babies to exist. They could not exist if they went apart from their parents. For example, mammals' babies dangle about their parents even crawling. In human babies, because it takes months even for them to crawl, such dangling about is not clear, and they cry and cry and call their mothers. They stick to their mothers through crying. If it were not for such stickiness, even human newborns or babies could not exist and even human mothers would fail in nursing.
    Even in human newborns, stickiness is an instinctive functions, and its tendency begin to reduce sooner or later after birth. All the same, there are infantile egos as they are even in newborns or babies. All that such infantile egos can do is imitate and piggyback such instinctive functions like short-circuit, desperation, stickiness, and showing off the self. Thus such instinctive egos cause such instinctive intentional functions, and egos' tendencies to cause them begin to go on forming.
    In human beings, when a baby or infant is taken care of by its mothers with love, around the age of 0.5, it starts to wait and see, and its sticky tendency start to be reduced. Thereafter, around the age of 3, being satisfied with or weary of its mothers' love nd care and its own stickiness, it comes apart from its mothers and causes some interpersonal functions other than stickiness toward not only its mothers but also some other persons, and its sticky tendency go on reducing.
    In contrast, if its mothers' love and care are thin, a baby or infant goes on seeking them and goes on sticking to its mothers, and its sticky tendency is often not reduced but retained or formed after around the age of 3, too. In addition, such a child also seeks love and stick to persons other than its mothers, and its sticky tendency to general human beings is often formed. In addition, such a child is disliked and alienated, it cannot help seeking love and being sticky more and more, and its sticky tendency is retained or formed. Even if its sticky tendency is reduced to a degree, because those of the other children are rapidly reduced, it is outstandingly sticky in the interpersonal relations of the same species and the same age.
    In addition, the desire to seek love in itself is intensely formed. This can be called the "Desire for Love." Thoguh it exists and functions in all higher mammal including human beings, that which are formed with stickiness is fierce.
    In such a way, mothers' thinness of love and care is the main external situation forming sticky tendencies. Mothers' stickiness and children's imitation of it also form sticky tendencies to a degree.
    Thereafter it is probable that stickiness is directed toward friends, classmates, and teachers in kindergarten or school, later toward colleagues, staffs, and bosses in office, and toward friends and boy or girl friends everywhere, husbands or wives and children at home. In such a way, an adult's stickiness is sometimes directed even toward his or her children, and it is imitated by them. This is a vicious circle beyond generations. In addition, the stickiness in and after the adolescent period is complicated and cunning. For example, it comes to involve and manipulate other persons.
    Stickiness causes intense pain. First, they cause intense anxiety and solitude when they cannot stick to other persons and those having stocky tendency cannot help sticking to others desperately. Second, they cause isolation and solitude by being kept away from others. Also for this reason, they cannot help being sticky more and more.
    Moreover, because they almost always stick to others by sticky tendency in interpersonal relations, the interpersonal tendencies and abilities other than sticky ones are hardly formed. Also for this reason, they cannot help being sticky more and more. This is also a vicious circle.
    In addition, the tendencies of stickiness, showing off the self, controlling anything, destroying anything, being isolated, and so on are often formed together. That is because human beings try to show themselves off in order to stick and get love. When they cannot stick or get love, they try to control or destroy others. As a result they are alienated and isolated.
  From the beginning, however, their tendencies are formed together in the following reason (1)(2). (1) Originally, their tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions, and the tendencies of instinctive functions are not so different among individuals. (2) The main external situation forming them are the same mothers' thinness of love and enclosure and the child's imitation of the same mothers. This is true of all infantile falling functions and tendencies. This explanation will be omitted from now on.

SHOWING OFF THE SELF

    Showing off the self to other animals of the same species excessively can be called "Showing Off the Self." In human beings, it includes putting on airs, talking too much about the self, boasting of the self, talking too much about his or her past, talking the self exaggerated or fabricated, and even talking of the self's defects.
    Showing off the self is a fit instinctive function for animal newborns to exist. That is because they could not exist if they did not attract their parents' attention and care. For example, the babies of cats, dogs, human beings, and so on cry as if they attract their parents' attention. All the same, the tendency of egos to show off the self starts to form.
    Adults sometimes feel that children are lovely. That is a natural feeling. In addition, they sometimes praise children frankly. Mothers all the more do so. Doing so overlaps with love.
    In human beings, when a baby or infant is loved and praised by its mothers in such a way, around the end of 3, being satisfied with or weary of being loved and praised and its own showing off the self, it causes some interpersonal functions other than showing off the self to some persons including its mothers, and its tendency to show off the self begins to be reduced.
    In contrast, when its mothers' love and praise are not enough, it cannot be satisfied with or weary of love and praise and its own showing off the self, it goes on showing off the self, and its tendency is not reduced but retained or formed. In addition, when mothers' love and care is not enough, it needs to show off the self more and more as the means of gaining them. In such a way, the main external situation forming the tendency to show off the self is the shortage of mothers' love and praise.
    The other processes of the formation of the tendency to show off the self and its ways of vicious circles are almost the same as those of stickiness. Here only what is particular to them will be explained. The formation of the tendency to show off the self and its relation with other falling tendencies are almost the same as those of sticky tendency. In showing off the self, it is not the real self but the self exaggerated and fabricated for others that are showed off. All the same, while showing off the self is repeated, the images of the real self are covered by the images of the self exaggerated and fabricated though partially. As a result, the tendency to show off the self hinders egos from facing the self and its falling functions and tendencies. This is also a vicious circle.

CONTROLLING ANYTHING

    An individual's trying to control any of the other individuals or groups of the same species and their properties can be called its "Controlling anything." In human beings, it includes presiding over anything, even over trifles, rising somehow, expanding any territory, monopolizing anything.
    Switching between control, entrust, submission, non-submission, and resistance depending on situations is fit for animal genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist. The newborns and babies of most animals including human beings also try to get care and love by controlling their mothers, and it is a fit instinctive function for them to exist. For example, human newborns and babies control their mothers by crying fiercely. Gradually thereafter, in the same way as the other infantile falling tendencies do, the tendency of the instinctive function to control anything becomes a tendency of egos.
    In human beings, when a baby or infant is taken care of by its mothers with love, it does not need to control anything, it causes some other interpersonal functions like entrusting something to others or sometimes submitting itself to others, and its tendency to control anything starts to reduce. That is, the tendency to control anything are reduced by the unnecessity for babies or infants to do so.
    In contrast, when their mothers care and love are not enough, infants go on controlling anything, and their tendencies to do so are not reduced but formed. In such a way, the main external situation forming the tendency to control anything is mothers' thinness of love and care.
    The tendency to control anything is sometimes formed more and more in the postadolescent period. Those who have gained status, power, and money and are able to control others will try to gain them more and more and try to control anything more and more. In such a way, the tendency to control anything can be formed in the baby and infant period and in the postadolescent period.
    However,

(1) Controlling anything whose tendency is formed both in the baby and infant period and in the postadolescent period
(2) Controlling anything whose tendency is formed only in the postadolescent period

can be distinguished. For the reason explained again and again, (1) often accompanies controlling anything, showing off the self, and so forth. In addition, for the reason explained later, (1) sometimes accompanies the desire to make the self eternal, and those who have it sometimes try to acquire powers, to control the people, and to do such great things as will remain in the history. Therefore it is (1) that is apt to lead to dictatorship, oppression, war, and so forth, and general citizens need to look out for (1) more than (2).
    In addition, those who have the large tendencies of (1) or (2), when they cannot get power and money in the society, sometimes become what is called lions at home and mice abroad, try to control home, and sometimes cause the enclosure of children and partners, domestic violence, and so forth. Concerning such a tendency in the home, there is no difference between men and women. Also concerning the above tendency in the society, there will be no difference between men and women if they are given equal opportunity of social participation.　Maybe the reason why tyrants or autocrats were occupied more by men than by women in the history is that the opportunity to acquire powers and to hone the ability to acquire powers was given exclusively to men.

NARCISSISM

    Maybe there is no instinctive function corresponding to narcissism. Therefore, if any, it would be a tendency of egos or mental emotions particular only to human beings.
  Most of the children who have rarely been loved or praised in the baby and infant period come to love and praise the self by themselves. When they are loved and praised moderately, they come to be satisfied with and weary of being loved and praised and of loving the self, it loves and praise other persons and things, and moderate "narcissism" is formed. Otherwise, intense narcissism is formed. Narcissism and showing off the self explained earlier and the self's going fat, the beautification of the self, and so forth which will be explained later overlap with and enhance one another. In addition, it sometimes leads to playing alone and playing with images like daydreaming and to isolation.
    In addition, intense narcissism is unstable, and sometimes alternates with intense self-hatred when the real self is recognized. In addition, in intense narcissism, intense love and praise of other particular persons are sometimes caused as the repercussion for the absence of love and praise of others. In addition, intense love and praise of particular persons alternates with intense hatred of them in the same way as those of the self.

DESTRUCTIONS OF COMPLEX IMAGES

    In human beings, when something recollected as complex images cause displeasure feelings like anxiety, fear, self-hatred, shame, and so on, the comparatively mature egos in and after the postinfant and preadolescent period switch from its images to some other images that cause little pain. This can be called Escaping its Images. However, the egos in the baby and infant period are immature, and so they cannot perform such a switch well. Therefore some of them where some images cause severe pain try to destroy them at random. For example, the images of mothers' battering cause anxiety and fear. The children in and after the preadolescenmt period can switch and escape them. However, those in the baby and infant period can hardly do it, and so they destroy them at random. Moreover, it is probable that they destroy even the self's images which are battered or neglected. Such destruction is different from the switch, dissolution, and so on which mature egos can perform and where images can be restored. As a result, some of the complex images, the self's images, recollections of images, associations, mental emotions, egos, thinkings, and so on sometimes become what cannot be understand for general human beings and even for psychologists or psychiatrists. Destroying images causing pain at random and the result caused by it can be called "Destruction of Images" or Destroying Images.
    The tendency to destroy images are usually formed by the extremes of mothers' thinness of love like battering and neglect.
    It is probable that some destructions of images develop into the "dissociation" in what is called dissociative disorder including multiple personalities where more than one distinct image of the self is generated and the "split" in what is called borderline personality disorder.

DAY DREAMS

    The babies and infants who are not sufficiently loved or taken care of by their mothers or who are battered or ignored and who suffer physical and mental pain cannot help having day dreams.
    Of course, even adults sometimes have day dreams. All the same, in most adults, they can easily recognize that the contents of day dreams are not real things, and they can come back to the real world comparatively easily after they wake up from them. In contrast, infants cannot do those so easily.
    At least, some day dreams in the baby and infant period can leave the following. First, together with the above destructions of complex images, some day dreams can develop into what is called dissociative disorder including multiple personalities where more than one different image of the self is generated. Second, some day dreams can develop into the isolation and the expansion of the gap between the self and the world.
    However not all day dreams are harmful. Some day dreams heighten the abilities of imagination and creation.

ISOLATION

    Going apart from their groups like herd, flock, home, society, and so on is not a fit instinctive function for animal newborns or babies to exist. All the same, when an individual is destroyed, attacked, or alienated in its group and when it has been grown to a degree, going apart from such a group is sometimes a fit instinctive function for it to exist than staying in it. Therefore it is possible that in some species of animals, there exist and function some genes causing the instinctive functions of isolating themselves from their groups, that is, "Genes for Isolation."
    In human beings, physical independence or isolation are much later than in the other animals, and children are physically protected to a degree through legal and social systems. In contrast, mental independence or isolation is particular almost only to human beings, and children are not as mentally protected as they are physically protected. Therefore, in comparison to the formation of the other infantile falling tendencies, imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions is rarer, and egos' tendency to isolate themselves mentally which is particular to human beings is formed. For example, though babies or infants a little grown up can play alone, even if they cannot play physically alone, they can play mentally with images like in day dreams.
    In human beings, when their mothers' love is thin, children isolate themselves mainly mentally and the tendency of egos to do so is formed in the baby and infant period. If there is some battering or neglect, they isolate themselves both physically and mentally, and the tendency to do so is formed.
    Isolation prompts the formation of the falling tendencies concerning the self which will be explained later.

MOTHERS' FALLING TENDENCIES, THINNESS OF LOVE, AND ENCLOSURE AND CHILDREN'S IMITATION OF MOTHERS' FALLING FUNCTIONS

    Stickiness does seek love but does not give it. Destroying anything accompanies little love but much hate. When we love somebody and when we cannot get his or her love, we sometimes destroy him or her. Showing off the self hardly love others. In narcissism, the love of the self is much intenser than that for others. On those grounds and others, when those who have itense falling tendencies become mothers, their love of children is often thin.
    In addition, those who have falling tendencies have various desires' dissatisfaction mainly because they are isolated and alienated. Then, if those who have intense falling tendencies become mothers, they often try to satisfy those unsatisfied mental emotions by enclosing their children. In such enclosure, the mental emotions which mothers try to satisfy are different from love, and as a result, their love of their children becomes thin.
    In addition, even for babies or infants, sometimes, enclosure is displeasure and prompt some infantile tendencies to destroy anything, control anything, to isolate themselves, and so forth.
    In addition, even babies or infants in the baby and infant period imitate familiar persons. Though it is hard for them to imitate the falling functions like escaping, patching up, and so on whose tendencies will be formed in and after the postinfant period, it is easy for them to imitate infantile falling functions. Above all, mothers' are imitated. After all, children imitate seniors' falling functions from the baby period to the adolescent period, and they imitate those particular to each period.
    In addition, excluding narcissism, originally, infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions.
    On those grounds, the causes of infantile falling tendencies are

(0) the tendencies of the instinctive functions imitated and piggybacked,
(1) infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions,
(2) mothers' thinness of love and care for children,
(3) mothers' enclosure of children, and
(4) Children's imitation of their seniors including mothers.

Now, though (0) the tendencies of instinctive functions are formed mainly innately by genes, (1)(2)(3)(4) are acquiredly done. Therefore even infantile falling tendencies are not exclusively formed innately by genes. All the same, (1)'s influence cannot be ignored, and it is probable that in the babies or infants whose (0) are intense, infantile falling tendencies are intensely formed. Therefore they are formed not "completely" but "mainly" acquiredly.
    In addition, on those grounds, the possibility of children's having intense infantile falling tendencies are large when their mothers have them. This can be called a Vicious Circle "beyond Generations." All the same, this vicious circle, too, are formed not innately by genes but mainly acquiredly by external situations and infantile egos.
    However, (1)(2)(3)(4) are the causes of INFANTILE falling tendencies and not that of falling tendencies in general. Please read this book to the last.

GENERATION OF THE SELF'S IMAGES

The self was defined in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY." In human beings, the self is recollected as complex images consisting of the images of the past, present, and future bodies, emotions, recollections, associations, intentional functions, egos, thinkings, and ideas, and their abilities or tendencies, and so on. Averagely in human beings, the self's images start to be generated and recollected in the beginning of the postinfant period, that is, around the age of 4 and are completed in the end of that period, that is, around the age of 12.

THE ANXIETY ABOUT THE SELF'S DYING SOONER OR LATER

In a while after the generation of the self's image, the temporal limitation of the self and the self's dying sooner or later are recognized, and this recognition come to cause the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later. After the self's images are generated, trying to transcend that anxiety become an aspect of our life. The decisive way to transcend that anxiety was explained in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY."

ATTEMPTS TO MAKE THE SELF ETERNAL

The anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later causes some egos, desires, and intentional functions to make the self eternal somehow. Such egos and desires can be called "Desires to Make the Self Eternal," and such egos and intentional functions can be called "Attempts to Make the Self Eternal."
Some attempts to make the self eternal overlap with love. That is because love involves other persons, is what is made together with others, and seems to transcend the self. In addition, some of them overlap with religion. That example will not need to be enumerated. In addition, some of them overlap with controlling anything, the desire for power, and so on. For example, they overlap with the holders of powers' building their massive tombs.

EXPANSION OF GAPS BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE WORLD

    In images, there are some gaps between the images of the self and those of the things other than the self. Such gaps can be called the "Gap between the Self and the World." Originally, the self and the world are heterogeneous, there are gaps in every human individual.
    When a baby or infant is little isolated, because such a gap is filled with its mothers, some other persons, pets, toys, and so on, such a gap is narrow. In contrast, in the individuals who were much isolated in the baby and infant period, such gaps are expanded. While the falling tendencies which have been explained are mainly egos' tendencies, such expansion is the tendency of recollections of images. All the same, it is included in falling functions in these books.
    When the gap between the self and the world expands, the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later goes intense, and the tendencies of the desire and attempt to make the self eternal are intensely formed. This is because the ways to transcend that anxiety is usually to unify the self and the world and because it is hard to unify them when that gap is extended. This is also a vicious circle.
    Moreover, the expansion of the gap between the self and the world, the intense formation of the tendencies of the desire and attempt to make the self eternal enhance the tendency to show off the self, to be narcissistic, to control anything, and to destroy anything and sometimes lead to the following. For example 1, we show off the self in order to be memorized in others' memories. For example 2, those who have gotten large powers often try to control the people and try to leave their glory. Moreover, when the intense tendency to destroy anything is formed, too, they try to hold powers, to destroy liberal rights, social rights, political right, democratic systems, separations of powers, and the rule of law, to run wildly to despotism, autocracy, war, the research, development, and hold of totally destructive means, and so on. Those tendencies can be called Tendencies (Falling into a Vicious Circle) "Involving the Society." They will be explained closely in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY." In that book, they are called "Autocrat-type Falling Tendencies." Reducing such falling tendencies is also one of the ways to secure existence and liberty.

THE SELF'S GOING FAT

When children were isolated in the baby and infant period, the gap between the self and the word is expanded and thereafter in the postinfant and preadolescent period, sometimes filled with the images of the self. This is because the images of the things other than the self's are scarce because of isolation. As a result, the self's image goes larger simply. This can be called the "Self's Going Fat."
The self's going fat overlaps in a large part with the beautification of the self which will be explained below.

BEAUTIFICATION OF THE SELF

Not only egos' filling the gap between the self and the world with the self's images beautified but also egos' covering the self's images already generated with the self's images beautified can be called Beautification of the Self or Beautifying the Self('s Image). Together with the narcissism formed in the baby and infant period the egos in the postinfant and preadolescent period intend to beautify the self's image. For example, they beautify the self as a pitiful but beautiful one who is not loved by and is alienated from their mother and general human beings. Such beautification also hinders egos from facing the self's functions and tendencies falling into a vicious circle. This is a vicious circle, too.

PREADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

Those are Preadolescent Functions and Tendencies Falling (into a Vicious circle). Those tendencies are formed by egos' coping with the expansion of the gap between the self and the world, which in turn is formed by the tendency to isolate themselves formed in the baby and infant period. Therefore, often, infantile and preadolescent falling tendencies are formed together, and infantile and preadolescent functions exist together in the same individuals.
The following are adolescent falling functions and tendencies.

IMMATURITY OF ABILITIES OF INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

    When children are alienated and cannot help being isolated or when the tendency to isolate themselves is formed and when egos intentionally isolate themselves, egos rarely cause interpersonal functions as intentional functions, and the abilities of interpersonal functions as abilities of intentional functions are hardly formed and stay immature. The abilities of interpersonal functions can also be called Interpersonal Abilities. For example, for not only children but also adults, after they have cloistered themselves for months, interpersonal functions will not go well.
    From the beginning, often, because children were alienated, battered, or ignored before they isolate themselves, interpersonal anxiety had gotten intense. Moreover, the more children are isolated, the more intense interpersonal anxiety gets, the more egos cause interpersonal escapes, the less they cause general interpersonal functions, and the more firmly general interpersonal abilities stay immature.
    In addition, when falling tendencies are formed, egos cause falling interpersonal functions. While the abilities of falling ones are formed, those of interpersonal functions other than them are not formed, and general interpersonal abilities stay immature. For example, when a person always resorts to interpersonal functions controlling and destroying anything, the abilities of cooperative ones are not formed, and general interpersonal abilities stay immature.
    In addition, those who have intense falling tendencies and often cause falling interpersonal functions are often alienated and isolated, their abilities of interpersonal functions stay immature, and interpersonal anxiety is not reduced.
    Those are vicious circles, too. Above all, the tendency to escape and patch up interpersonal functions which will be explained later causes interpersonal abilities to stay immature.
    However, when falling tendencies are reduced, the interpersonal abilities are formed unexpectedly quickly. After all, falling tendencies are more serious than the immaturity of interpersonal abilities.

ESCAPING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

    As was explained in the above section, when falling tendencies are formed, when the abilities of interpersonal functions are immature, and when interpersonal anxiety is intense, if egos cause interpersonal functions, intense pain is caused. Therefore egos escape interpersonal relations, and the tendency to escape interpersonal relations is formed. Though that tendency is formed in the baby and infant period for the fist time, they still fluctuate. However, they are often formed intensely and fixed in the adolescent period.
    In addition, the egos in the adolescent period escape interpersonal functions not simply but complicatedly. For example 1, they escape deep interpersonal relations and only enter superficial ones. For example 2, they show off their destructive appearances which other persons are hard to come close to. Such interpersonal functions overlaps with patching up which will be explained later. In the adolescent period, such complicated escapes of interpersonal relations are caused, and such complicated tendency to escape them is formed. In addition, not only limited egos' outlines' tendency but also intentional functions' ability to escape them are formed. Simply, it is cunningly that adolescent and postadolescent egos escape interpersonal relations.
    Because egos escape interpersonal relations continuously and continually in such a way, the abilities of interpersonal functions stay immature more and more. This is a vicious circle, too.
    On those grounds, escaping interpersonal relations is included in falling functions, and the tendency to escape them is included in falling tendencies. In addition, the following, too, are included in falling functions and tendencies.

PATCHING UP THE IMMATURITY OF THE ABILITIES OF INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

The egos in and after the adolescent period not only escape interpersonal relations but also patch up the immaturity of their own interpersonal abilities. For example, they patch it up by showing off their status, power, money, appearance, and so on. Though young men and women in the adolescent period do not have their own status, power, and money, they can show off their parents' and their own appearance. Appearance, looks, and the like are good means to patch up various things in the very adolescent period. Adults in the postadolescent period often patch up various things by showing of their own positions, powers, and money. Such patching up sometimes enhances the tendencies of showing off the self, to be narcissistic, and to beautify the self explained earlier, and vice versa.
Though such patching up is rarely looked through completely, it will somehow cause displeasure feelings to others. Also for this reason, those patching up are often alienated, and their abilities of interpersonal functions stay immature more and more.

PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES

    In addition, in the external situations of interpersonal relations, if the self's falling functions and tendencies are found by other persons, because it causes the pain of shame, egos hide and patch up them. That is, it is not only the immaturity of the abilities of interpersonal functions but also falling functions and tendencies in general that egos in and after the adolescent period patch up. Such can be called "Patching Up" Falling Tendencies or Egos and Intentional Functions or Functions Patching Up Falling Tendencies.
    For example 1, it causes the pain of shame that some other persons find that egos go on seeking mothers' love after the baby and infant period and go on being sticky and that a sticky tendency has been formed. Therefore egos in and after the adolescent period behave themselves seemingly lightly. For example 2, it causes the pain of shame that some other persons find that they show off themselves because they were not praised in the baby and infant period and that the tendency to show off the self have been formed. Therefore they behave themselves seemingly modestly. All the same, because those tendencies are alive, they are sticky and show off the self while patching up. This is found in all human beings. However, those who have the intense tendency to patch up are often looked upon as queer persons by others.
    While those are repeated, the tendency for (limited) egos(' outline) to patch up the self's falling functions and tendencies. Those can be called Tendency to Patch Up Falling Tendencies. In addition, while those are repeated, the ability (of the outline) of interpersonal functions to patch up falling tendencies is formed. Simply, patching up becomes cunning.
    When the tendency to patch up falling tendencies are large, functions patching up are almost always caused, interpersonal functions other than them are rarely caused, and egos' tendencies and interpersonal functions' abilities other than those to patch up are not formed. For example, even the tendency and ability to frankly talk with other persons are not formed.
    On those grounds, the functions and tendency to patch up falling tendencies are included in falling functions and tendencies.
    The interpersonal functions which patch up falling tendencies by causing interpersonal functions which are extremely opposite to falling interpersonal functions can be called an "Opposite Representation." For example, some persons who were disliked by others as sticky and sober sometimes behave themselves light-minded. Opposite representation often brings misunderstanding. That is because few people can see that it is opposite representation on the basis of falling tendencies.
    In such ways, the tendency to patching up falling tendencies are mainly formed in the adolescent period.

ESCAPING FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

    The above are egos' coping with the self's falling functions and tendencies in the external situations of interpersonal functions. In contrast, the following are egos' coping with the images of the self's falling functions and tendencies in the internal functions of recollections of images.
    When the self's falling functions and tendencies are recollected as images, those images cause intense mental pain like anxiety, self-hatred, shame and the like. For example 1, when one of infantile falling functions or tendencies is recollected as images and when it is associated that, because of not being loved by my mother, I sought her love forever and that its tendency was formed, they cause intense shame and self-hatred. For example 2, when one of preadolescent falling tendencies is recollected as images and when it is associated that the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later horrified me, that I attempted to make the self eternal, and that I am trying to do something glorious and historic, they cause intense shame and self-hatred and sometimes revives that anxiety. Therefore egos usually escape the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images by means of switching of images as was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS." Escaping the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images can be called Escaping Falling Tendencies(' Images), Escaping Falling Tendencies (recollected as images), Escapes from Falling Tendencies(' Images), or Escapes from Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images).
    Because escaping falling tendencies recollected as images reduces such pain as was enumerated above temporarily, egos do so again and again, and tendency to do so are formed. The tendency to do so can be called the Tendency to Escape Falling Tendencies(' Images), Tendency Escaping Falling Tendencies(' Images), or the like.
    When the tendency to escape falling tendencies is large and when egos escapes falling functions and tendencies every time they are recollected as images, egos cannot face them, and the self's falling tendencies in general are not reduced. That is, the tendency to escape falling tendencies directly hinder egos from facing them and hinder falling tendencies from being reduced. Therefore escaping falling tendencies are included in falling functions, and the tendency to escape falling tendencies are included in falling tendencies. Far from that, they are the most vicious cycles and are the most vital of all falling functions and tendencies.
    When compared with the time of the formation of the tendency to patching up falling tendencies as was explained above, the time when the tendency to escape falling tendencies are formed fluctuates. However, they are formed mainly in the adolescent period.

PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

In contrast to patching up the self's falling functions and tendencies in external situations of interpersonal relations explained earlier, there is such patching up the images of the self's falling functions and tendencies in internal situations as follows. In addition, in contrast to escaping images explained above, there is patching up images, which is a little more complicated than escaping. Because falling functions and tendencies, when they are recollected as images, cause intense pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and so on, above all, adolescent egos which have got mature to a degree not only escape but also patch up the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images. This can be called Patching Up Falling Tendencies(' Images), Patching Up Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images), or the like. In addition, the tendency to do so can be called the Tendency to Patch Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the like.
For example 1, the girls, boys, women, and men who have confidence in their looks sometimes cover the images of their falling functions and tendencies with those of the self having them. Not that excellent looks are harmful in general, but that they are so if they are made use of in such a way. For example 2, those who have status, power, or money often cover the images of their falling functions and tendencies with those of the self having them.

ESCAPING AND PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

The cause and effect of escaping falling tendencies' images and patching up them are the same. Therefore they can be called Escaping and Patching Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the like in a lump. In addition, the tendency to do so can be called the Tendency to Escape and Patch Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the like in a lump.
Again, they are the most vicious circle, and they are the most vital of all falling functions and tendencies.

ENHANCING THE SELF'S IMAGES AS THE PERSECUTED AND REACTION OR REVENGE

    Those who have intense falling tendencies are often alienated and isolated, and they sometimes attribute the causes of such alienation and isolation only to some other persons, general human beings, or the society.
    If they enhance the self's images as the persecuted and cover their falling functions and tendencies with them, such enhancement and cover is the same as patching up falling tendencies' images explained above, and the former's effect, that is, a vicious circle is the same as the latter.
    If the self's images as the persecuted are enhanced more intensely than to the degree enough to patch up their falling tendencies, such enhancement can lead to some reaction or revenge against the alleged persecutors. If such enhancement accompanies desperation, destruction, and so on explained earlier, they can be fierce.
    All the same, the following is more important than the above. All human beings have falling tendencies, and some have intense falling tendencies, but even out of those having intense ones, not all have the intense tendency to react and revenge themselves. Many of them head for not others but the self, and harbor anxiety, self-hatred, shame, and so forth.

DESTROYING THE MIRROR

    As for the self's falling tendencies, when they are recollected as images, they have already come to cause some pain. Moreover, as for some other persons', when thay are recognized, they often cause some similar pain. This is as if the self's falling tendencies were reflected on the half-mirror or magic mirror in front of those other persons. Then those having intense falling tendencies sometimes hate and try to destroy some other persons having the same. This can be called "Destroying the Mirror."
    Out of falling functions, showing off the self, destroying anything, and controlling anything often clash against one another in practical interpersonal relations. For this reason, destroying the mirror is often caused against those falling functions. Simply, attention seekers hate attention seekers.
    In addition, destroying the mirror is often caused against some of a child's family members. For the reasons which have been explained so far, the falling functions of a child sometimes resemble its mothers'. In addition, because its brothers and sisters have been brought up by the same mothers, its falling functions resemble its brothers and sisters'. In addition, because its mothers' spouse is sometimes included in its mothers by definition or plays role of its mothers more or less, its falling functions sometimes resemble its mothers' spouse's. After all, a child's falling functions sometimes resemble those of some of its mothers and brothers and sisters and its mothers' spouse. Above all, for a child, who has not deeply entered the outer society yet, the most intimate interpersonal relation is that with its family, and complicated emotions are often formed against its family. Therefore destroying the mirror is often caused against some of its family members.
    The disgust of their parents by boys and girls in the adolescent period is sometimes destroying the mirror. Though destroying the mirror overlaps with what is called rebellion, as long as falling tendencies continue, the tendency to destroy the mirror is not reduced after the adolescent period. It is in the adolescent period that destroying the mirror get clear for the first time.
    Destroying the mirror also hinders egos from facing the self's falling functions and tendencies. This is because the self's falling functions and tendencies do not appear to be its own properties. Therefore destroying the mirror is included in falling functions, and tendencies to destroy mirrors are included in falling tendencies.

EXCESSIVE REBELLIONS

When its parents' enclosure and control are intense and continue in the adolescent period or later and when a child, young men, or women always try to rebel against them, sometimes, the functions other than rebellions are not caused, and the abilities of intentional functions and the tendencies of egos other than rebellious ones are not formed. For example, some young men or women get separated or married in order not to be independent but to be separated from his or her parents. The abilities and tendencies to live independently is not formed by such separation or marriage. Therefore excessive rebellions are included in falling functions.

ADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

    Those are adolescent tendencies falling (into a vicious circle. They are formed by ego' coping with infantile and preadolescent falling tendencies.
    The tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies' images are the most serious of all adolescent falling ones. Far from that, they are the most serious of all falling ones.
    As for the tendencies to destroy and control anything which are mainly formed in the baby and infant period, not small parts of them are formed or reinforced by the imitation in the adolescent period. The imitation, above all, in violent groups is serious.
    The following are the postadolescent falling functions and tendencies.

POSTADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

They are not so important. That is, no important ones emerge in the postadolescent period. However, falling functions, above all, adolescent ones like escaping and patching up falling tendencies' images go complicated and cunning in general. Therefore it gets harder and harder for both other persons and the self to find them out.

ATTRIBUTING THE CAUSE OF THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES TO OTHER PERSONS

As was explained earlier, there are mothers' falling tendencies, thinness of love, enclosure, and children's imitation of their seniors as the major external situation forming falling tendencies. However, at the ending part of this book, it will be clear that the main cause forming the self's falling tendencies are not such external ones.
Anyway, it is of no use and is a kind of falling function that we think that the major cause forming the self's falling tendencies are other persons and that we blame them forever.

FACING THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES

THE FUNCTIONAL IMAGES OF FALLING FUNCTIONS' CAUSING PAIN

An ego consists of a rational system and an emotional system. In the rational system, from the recognition of the situation, some equally possible and rational intentional functions are recollected as functional images and cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to emotion neuronal ways. Immediately thereafter, in the emotional system, the excitements and transmissions of those image to emotion neuronal ways cause some pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, those of them which have the most intense pleasure cause some functional impulses, the most intense of them cause a (limited) ego. After all the ego causes the intentional function corresponding the functional image which indirectly caused the most intense functional impulse. Metaphorically, the rational system proposes various intentional functions which are equally possible and rational in the situation as functional images, and the emotional system decides which of them to adopt and carry out with pleasure and displeasure autonomic sensations and functional impulses. In such a way, it is not rational systems but emotional systems that are decisive in egos.
This is true, of course, concerning the egos in tendencies falling (into a vicious circle). Even if falling functions are recollected as functional images, when they do not cause pleasure autonomic sensations or when they cause displeasure autonomic sensation, that is, the mental pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and boredom, falling (intentional) functions are not caused, and falling tendencies are reduced. Nonetheless, it is true as far as the pain caused by the functional images of falling functions. It is not at all that we can cause whatever pain there is at hand. Again, it is the pain caused by the functional images of falling functions that need to be caused in order to reduce falling tendencies.

FACING FORMATION PROCESSES, VICIOUS CIRCLES, AND CONTINUOUS OR CONTINUAL PAIN OF FALLING TENDENCIES

    In order for the functional images of falling functions to cause pain, initially, it is necessary that the formation processes, various vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of falling tendencies are recollected through associations from the functional images and that they cause the pain similar to boredom. That is, initially, it is not directly but considerably indirectly that functional images cause pain. While it is repeated, functional images come to cause pain less indirectly or directly.
    In addition, falling tendencies include not only egos' tendencies but also a few tendencies of emotions and recollections of images. All the same, when the former are reduced, the latter are reduced, too.
    However, from the beginning, the falling tendencies, including their formation processes, vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain and those of the self, other persons, and general human beings, have caused such pain as anxiety, hatred, self-hatred, shame. For this very reason, we have escaped and patched up (the images of) falling tendencies. Therefore knowing falling tendencies is nothing but facing or confronting them. Though we need to face falling tendencies, it also accompanies some pain, and we tend to evade it. Then we need to face the formation processes, vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of the falling tendencies as straight as possible and to avoid unnecessary pain.

CONFIRMING THAT FALLING TENDENCIES HAVE BEEN FORMED NOT INNATELY BY GENES BUT MAINLY ACQUIREDLY SINCE THE BABY PERIOD

    Innately by genes or acquiredly by functional or organic disorders of nervous systems, the tendencies of emotions and egos' emotional systems in general can be increased or decreased, and the abilities or tendencies of memories, perceptions, associations, thinkings, and the rational system of egos in general can be increased or decreased. For example 1, in the depressive episode of recurrent depressive disorder, the tendencies of emotions and egos' rational systems in general are decreased. For example 2, in organic brain disorder, memories, thinkings, and so on and the rational systems of egos in general go irrational. If the tendencies of egos are increased or decreased innately by genes or acquiredly by disorders, all or most of the tendencies (of the outlines) of limited egos are increased or decreased, and it does not happen that only the tendencies (of outlines) of (limited) egos falling (into a vicious circle) are increased or decreased. In a limiting function of a limiting ego, though a lot of limited egos arise, a limited ego whose (outline's) tendency is the largest is caused. Here what matters is not the general quantities of tendencies but the comparison of those tendencies and their difference in each individual.
    As was explained earlier, infantile egos of newborns or babies as they are imitate and piggyback instinctive functions like short-circuiting, being sticky, and showing off the self, and instinctive. Instinctive functions including them are formed mainly innately. Therefore, in the newborns or babies whose tendencies of those instinctive functions are intense, it is probable that intense infantile falling tendencies are formed. Even if that is true, all the same, falling tendencies including infantile ones are formed "mainly" acquiredly.
    Even if the falling functions of parents and children and brothers and sisters including identical twins resemble one another, most of that resemblance is formed not innately by genes but acquiredly by being in the same or similar situations. It goes without saying that falling tendencies cannot be reduced by pharmacotherapy or gene therapy.
    Many human beings have been giving up the reformation of the self's properties including falling tendencies with saying to themselves, "It cannot be helped because it was inherited." By confirming the above, as far as falling tendencies are concerned, such resignation can be removed.
    By confirming the above, we can concentrate on the situations and the egos taking place from the baby and infant period to the present as what forms falling tendencies.

THE USELESSNESS OF OTHER PERSONS' MENTAL FUNCTIONS TO THE SELF

To be sure, falling interpersonal functions often incur other persons' mental functions like criticism, reprimand, disgust, anger, sneer, alienation, distance, and neglect. Those falling interpersonal functions of the self and those mental functions of other persons responding to the self's are together memorized, stored, and often together recollected as images. While there is not much experience of facing falling tendencies, those images cause the feeling of being oppressed and rebellions, and they hinder egos from facing falling tendencies. As that experience of facing is half way, they often cause the pain like self-hatred, shame or dishonor, and the feeling of guilty. However, from the beginning, those mental functions of other persons tend to make the whole of the self a target, and not to hit the target of the self's falling tendencies. Therefore, while there is that pain, it is hard to concentrate the target of facing on falling tendencies, and, after all, those and that pain images hinder us from facing falling tendencies. So do the self-hatred, shame or dishonor, and feeling of guilty by traditional ethics, religions, and so forth.

USELESSNESS OF THE SELF'S MENTAL FUNCTIONS TO OTHER PERSONS

To be sure, there are mothers' thinness of love and enclosure, children's imitation of their seniors, battering and alienation at home, bullying and alienation at school, and so on as an external and indirect factor of the self's falling tendencies. Nonetheless, as will be made clear later, they are no more than the major one of external and indirect factors of falling tendencies. They are not the major cause of falling tendencies.
However, if intense hatred of others, and the destruction of mirrors, excessive rebellion, attributing the cause of the self's falling tendencies to other persons which were explained earlier, and so forth are caused concerning those external and indirect factors, they hinder egos from facing the self's falling functions and tendencies.

FORMING BOREDOM BY FACING THE FORMATION PROCESSES, VICIOUS CIRCLES, AND CONTINUOUS OR CONTINUAL PAIN OF FALLING TENDENCIES

    When egos face such formation processes, various vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of falling tendencies as have been explained and will be explained in this book, we will come to have the pain similar to boredom. For simplicity, it is called mere "Boredom" in this chapter. Anxiety, self-hatred, shames or dishonor, the feeling of guilty, and so forth has been making egos escape and patch up their objects including falling tendencies. In contrast, boredom does not make egos escape and patch up its objects including falling tendencies. This is the greatest merit of boredom as far as reducing falling tendencies is concerned. Forming boredom by facing the formation processes, various vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of falling tendencies is the decisive way not to cause pleasure autonomic sensations, functional impulses, falling egos, and falling functions, and to reduce falling tendencies.
    Of course, the formation processes, vicious circles, and pain of falling tendencies vary between individuals. This book have only explained those which the writers think are general. Nonetheless, they think that this book is useful as reference for each of us to face them.
    When we face them, some regret will be caused together with boredom. All the same, regret will reinforce boredom.

FACING FALLING TENDENCIES ON SITE IN THE MIDST OF EGOS

However, it is probable that facing them, above all, facing their formation processes and vicious circles end up in a mere knowledge or theory. In order to prevent it, egos need to face them on site in the midst of egos. As was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS," each ego have a multilayer structure, and it is possible that smaller egos manipulate the functional images recollected in a larger ego and think of and face falling tendencies. This is facing them on site in the midst of egos. For example, in a larger ego in an external situation of an interpersonal relation, when the interpersonal function of being sticky or showing off the self are recollected as a functional image, a smaller ego can manipulate that functional image and thinking of and face the falling tendencies concerning it.

FACING TENDENCIES TO ESCAPE AND PATCH UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

Nonetheless, falling tendencies are persistent and are not easily reduced. Why? That is because the tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies(' images) hinders egos from facing falling tendencies, above all, the very falling tendecy to escape and patch up falling tendencies. That is, the main cause of falling tendencies is not mothers' falling tendencies, thinness of love, or enclosure, or children's imitation of their seniors but the tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies. It is none other than egos in and after the adolescent period that have been escaping and patching up them. That is, the present egos are also escaping and patching up them. First, egos need to face the present tendecy to escape and patch up them. It is possible in such a way as was explained in the above section.
All the same, it is hard for egos to face that tendency straightly without preparation. Egos also need to face the formation process of that tendency and its vicious circles which took place in the adolescent period. However, the self and egos in the adolescent period are much closer to those at present than those in the baby and infant or preadolescent period. It is much easier for us to face the formation processes and vicious circles of the adolescent period in the adolescent period than to face those in the baby and infant or preadolescent period. Simply, they would be recollected as if they had taken place yesterday.

References

SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES
―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES

EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES
―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS

EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY

FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS

FORMATION AND REDUCTION OF EGOS' TENDENCIES

REVIEW OF "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS"

HUMANITY AND PERSONALITY

PERIODS DURING WHICH THE TENDENCIES OR ABILITIES OF SMILAR FUNCTIONS ARE FORMED IN LUMPS

CARE OF CHILDREN

MOTHERS

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS OF CHILDREN IN THE BABY AND INFANT PERIOD

MOTHERS' LOVE

MOTHERS' THINNESS OF LOVE OR CARE

ENCLOSURES

IMITATIONS

FACING OR CONFRONTING AND ESCAPING

FACING OR CONFRONTING AND ESCAPING

FACING AND ESCAPING IMAGES

TENDENCIES TO FACING OR CONFRONT AND TO ESCAPE

TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

INSTINCTIVE FUNCTIONS

TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

THE ACQUIRED FORMATION OF FALLING TENDENCIES

FALLING TENDENCIES' BEING FORMED TOGETHER

THE UNIVERSALITY OF FALLING TENDENCIES

INFANTILE FALLING TENDENCIES

SHORT-CIRCUIT

DESPERATION

DESTROYING ANYTHING

STICKINESS

SHOWING OFF THE SELF

CONTROLLING ANYTHING

NARCISSISM

DESTRUCTIONS OF COMPLEX IMAGES

DAY DREAMS

ISOLATION

MOTHERS' FALLING TENDENCIES, THINNESS OF LOVE, AND ENCLOSURE AND CHILDREN'S IMITATION OF MOTHERS' FALLING FUNCTIONS

GENERATION OF THE SELF'S IMAGES

THE ANXIETY ABOUT THE SELF'S DYING SOONER OR LATER

ATTEMPTS TO MAKE THE SELF ETERNAL

EXPANSION OF GAPS BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE WORLD

THE SELF'S GOING FAT

BEAUTIFICATION OF THE SELF

PREADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

IMMATURITY OF ABILITIES OF INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

ESCAPING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

PATCHING UP THE IMMATURITY OF THE ABILITIES OF INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES

ESCAPING FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

ESCAPING AND PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

ENHANCING THE SELF'S IMAGES AS THE PERSECUTED AND REACTION OR REVENGE

DESTROYING THE MIRROR

EXCESSIVE REBELLIONS

ADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

POSTADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

ATTRIBUTING THE CAUSE OF THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES TO OTHER PERSONS

FACING THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES

THE FUNCTIONAL IMAGES OF FALLING FUNCTIONS' CAUSING PAIN

FACING FORMATION PROCESSES, VICIOUS CIRCLES, AND CONTINUOUS OR CONTINUAL PAIN OF FALLING TENDENCIES

CONFIRMING THAT FALLING TENDENCIES HAVE BEEN FORMED NOT INNATELY BY GENES BUT MAINLY ACQUIREDLY SINCE THE BABY PERIOD

THE USELESSNESS OF OTHER PERSONS' MENTAL FUNCTIONS TO THE SELF

USELESSNESS OF THE SELF'S MENTAL FUNCTIONS TO OTHER PERSONS

FORMING BOREDOM BY FACING THE FORMATION PROCESSES, VICIOUS CIRCLES, AND CONTINUOUS OR CONTINUAL PAIN OF FALLING TENDENCIES

FACING FALLING TENDENCIES ON SITE IN THE MIDST OF EGOS

FACING TENDENCIES TO ESCAPE AND PATCH UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

References

FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE
―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS