EX@FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

FORMATION AND REDUCTION OF EGOS' TENDENCIES

REVIEW OF "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES"

    This book is on the basis of "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." Therefore, if possible, please read this book after those books are read. All the same, the writers of this book will try to write it so that readers can read it even if those books are not read. "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES" explained the basis and theory of egos and their tendencies. This book will explain their application and practice. "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES" and "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES" will be simply summarized below.
    Appearing things as mental phenomena can be divided into things appearing on sensations and images or things appearing as images. Simply, images are what occur to us. What are premised to cause images as sources can be called Images' Sources or Images. That is, the word of images sometimes designates their sources. Images sources in neuronal systems are neuronal groups excitements and transmissions or abilities. The nervous functions which replay images' sources can be called Recollections of Images. Simply, things' occurring to me, being remembered, being anticipated, and so on are recollections of Images, Images' Being Recollected, or things' Being Recollected as Images. When the word of recollections is used, the past things' being remembered may occur to us, but the present things' occurring to us, the future things' being anticipated, and the unreal things' being imagined are included in recollections of images in these books.
    Intentional functions can be classified in the following way. Simple explanations or examples will be taken.

Intentional functions
  (1) Voluntary movements
      They are caused by the excitements and transmissions of the neuronal groups from the motor areas on the frontal lobes to motor nerves and the contractions of striated muscles.
    (1-1) Unitary voluntary movements
      They are not separable any more.
      Bending and stretching joints, moving eye balls, moving tongues, moving and straining and relaxing vocal cords, and so on.
    (1-2) Complex voluntary movements
      They consist of unitary ones.
      Walking upright on two legs, running alike, swimming the crawl, butterfly, and so on, and so on.
  (2) Pure mental intentional functions
    (2-1) Manipulations of images
They are egos' manipulating images being recollected.
      Combining images, dissolving them, switching them, escaping them, and so on.
    (2-2) Thinkings
      They consist of associations, manipulations of images and smaller thinkings by egos, and egos.
      Thinkings in a narrow sense, retracings, foreseeings, and daydreamings.
  (3) Synthetic functions
      They consist of voluntary movements and perceptions, associations, and pure mental intentional functions or some other functions.
      Speaking and writing words, operating machines, interpersonal functions, and so on.

    As for egos, simply, egos directly cause intentional functions in situations. Egos intervene between situations and intentional functions. Metaphorically, situations are inputs, intentional functions are outputs, and egos are computers.
    An ego consists of a rational system and an emotional system. Metaphorically, the rational system proposes some possible and necessary intentional functions in a situation, and the emotional system decides which of them to carry out according to which of them causes the most intense pleasure. Therefore the emotional system is more important in every ego. The explanation of its details occupies a considerable part of "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." The following explanation cannot help ending half-way and may be hard to understand. Then, you can look upon egos as understood with the above two metaphors.
    Now, not only other persons' but also the self's intentional functions are sensed, recognized, generated, memorized, stored, renewed, and recollected as images. Out of such images, those which can indirectly cause intentional functions can be called "Functional Images(' Sources)."
    There are some neuronal ways (IF) from the neuronal groups which functional images' sources go through to the neuronal groups, whose starters are functional neuronal groups(FF), causing intentional functions. Such neuronal ways can be called "Image to Function Neuronal Ways" (IF). When a situation is recognized, some functional images are recollected, and some of them cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to function neuronal ways (IF), and some of them can causes the excitements and transmissions of some functional neuronal groups (FF) and some intentional functions. That recognition of a situation, those recollections of functional images, and those image to function neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions can be called a "Rational System" (RS). All the same, the whole of egos or intentional functions could not be caused if there were only rational systems.
    There are some neuronal ways (IE) from the neuronal groups which functional images' sources go through to some pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations. Such neuronal ways can be called "Image to Emotion Neuronal Ways" (IE). When some functional images are recollected, some of them cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to emotion neuronal ways, some of them cause some pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, and some of them cause some functional impulses, some of them can promote the excitements and transmissions of some image to function neuronal ways (IF) or some functional neuronal groups (FF), and they cause the intentional functions designated by the functional images which caused those most intense functional impulses. Those excitements and transmissions of image to emotion neuronal ways (IE), those pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, those functional impulses, and their promotions of the excitements and transmissions of image to function neuronal ways (IF) or functional neuronal groups (FF) can be called an "Emotional System."
    An ego consists of a rational system and an emotional system. An intentional function is caused by both of those systems. Again, metaphorically, the rational system propose some intentional functions as functional images which are possible and necessary in situations, and the emotional system decides which of them to adopt and carry out with the reference to pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations and according to which of them causes the most intense pleasure. The rational system propose several intentional functions as functional images if their possibility and necessity are nearly equal. These intentional functions include those which comply with the law, ethics, and so on in the human society, those which are against them, and those which are original for each individual. It is the emotional system that decide which of them to adopt and carry out. Therefore, in egos, emotional systems are more important than rational ones.
    The rational system and the emotional system which can cause an intentional function can be called a "Limited Ego." Usually in a situation, a lot of limited egos arise and go through a common process. There is a part in that process where limited egos compete with one another. They do not give way to one another. That is because limited egos are neuronal groups or ways' excitements and transmissions. In that part, the limited egos which have the largest tendency to be caused in the competition make the others disappear and are caused, and cause the intentional functions which their functional images designated. The set of the limited egos arising in a situation and the common process which they go through containing the part where they compete with one another can be called a "Limiting Ego." In a limiting ego, at once, more than one limited ego, practically a lot of limited egos arise, and a limited number (N) of them which have the largest tendencies to be caused in the competition are caused. Such tendencies can be called the "Limited Ego's Tendency" (to Be Caused)
    Concerning that limited number (N), that is, the number of the limited egos caused at once, its details were explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." If the inertial egos explained in it mattered, N could be more than one. However, the limited egos which will be explained in this book cannot be inertial ones. Therefore N is one in this book. That is, at once, though a lot of limited egos arise, only one of them which has the largest tendency to be caused is caused. This will agree with our daily feeling that we can think only one thing at once.
    All the same, temporally, a lot of limited egos are caused and do disappear and replace one another in the time of seconds or more. This, too, will agree with our daily feeling that thought is transient.
    Thus, there are limited egos in a limiting ego, and they are distinguished. However, if they are always distinguished and if the words of "limiting," "limited," or the like are always used, sentences will be complicated. Therefore, when it is clear from the context which is commented on, they will not be distinguished, those words will be omitted, and the words of "egos,""egos' tendencies," or the like will be used.
    What decides such tendencies of (limited) egos is the following. In a time from the baby period to the present, when an intentional function was caused in certain situations, when it caused pleasure emotions or reduced displeasure emotions, and when they caused pleasure autonomic sensations, the image to emotion neuronal way from the functional image of that intentional function to those pleasure autonomic sensations is activated. When those were repeated, the ability of that neuronal way is increased or retained. At present, when a smilar situation is recognized and when the functional image of that intentional function is recollected, that activated image to emotion neuronal way excites and transmits and they cause those pleasure autonomic sensations and an intense functional impulse, and the whole of the limited ego containing that functional image and that intentional function are caused. Simply, what decides the tendency of the limited ego intending to cause an intentional functions is how intensely and frequently that intentional function caused pleasure emotions.
    All the same, for grown-ups, there will remain some intentional functions which are unaccountable with that explanation. Why do egos cause such intentional functions as desperation, destruction, and stickiness causing pain in the long run? That is because babies or infants had immature egos as they were, because egos' tendencies have been being formed since the baby period, because such intentional functions caused pleasure emotions in them even temporarily, and because such tendencies of egos as were formed in the baby and infant period are persistent and are hardly reduced.
    Intentional functions and limited egos are classified into such groups as being desperate, being sticky, showing off the self and so forth. The functional images of the intentional functions belonging to one of such groups cause the excitements and transmissions, and activations of the same or similar image to emotion neuronal ways and cause the same or similar pleasure autonomic emotions. Therefore limited egos' tendencies belonging to one of such groups are formed together. A group of limited egos whose tendencies are formed together can be called an "Outline" of limited egos. In addition, the average of the limited egos' tendencies belonging to an outline can be called the Tendency of the Outlines of Limited Egos. Limited egos' tendencies are formed with their outlines made units. In addition, the group of the intentional functions caused by the limited egos belonging to an outline can be called an Outline of Intentional Functions.
    In our daily lives and psychology, human intentional functions, limited egos, and their tendencies are often argued with outlines made units. For example, we often say that he or she is sticky, tends to destroy anything, and tends to control anything, and each of these makes a good guess at the tendeny of an outline of limited egos. Also in these books intentional functions, limited egos, and their tendencies are argued with their outlines made units. However, if the word of outlines were always used, sentences would be complicated. Therefore the word of outlines is often omitted in our daily lives and psychology and in these books. For example, the tendency of the outline of limited egos to destroy anything is rewritten into egos' tendency to destroy anything.
    By the way, it is not intentional functions' abilities but limited egos' outlines that are formed with outlines made units. Intentional functions' abilities are formed with subgroups smaller than outlines made units. For example, the outline of interpersonal escape has some subgroups of (1) directly escaping interpersonal relations by pretending illness, (2) always causing superficial interpersonal functions, (3) always causing business-like interpersonal functions, (4) always causing destructive and inhospitable interpersonal functions, and so forth, each subgroup needs its own ability, and there are few who are good at all of them. For example 2, even in a person who has a large tendency of the outline of limited egos to control and destroy anything, the ability of the subgroup of intentional functions to be a lion at home and a mouse abroad can be developed.
    That a (limited) ego's (outline's) tendency gets larger can be called its Formation or Being Formed, and that it gets smaller can be called its Reduction or Being Reduced. Though the word "reduction" may make a bad impression, for example, when the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to destroy anything, and so on are reduced, some pain in the long run is reduced. When their tendencies are not reduced, that pain is not reduced.
    In general, such tendencies of (limited) egos(' outlines) as desperation, stickiness, showing off the self are formed in the baby and infant period, and thereafter they are reduced. Such formation and reduction of them in an individual can be looked into well with the absolute values of tendencies. In contrast, the excessive formation and delayed reduction of them can be looked into well with the standard deviation values of tendencies among the same species and age. Therefore not only their absolute values but also their standard deviation values are dealt as tendencies, and their increase and decrease are treated as their formation and reduction in these books.
    In addition, the matrix where the absolute values or the standard deviation values of limited egos' outlines' tendencies in the limiting ego of an individual are made its elements can be called the "Limiting Ego's Tendencies" or its "Habit." In addition, that some of its elements are changed can be called its Formation or Reformation. For example, the standard deviation values of tendencies of a limiting ego's can be described as (the tendency to be desperate, the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to show off the self, ...) = (62. 56, 64, ...).
    Thus, a limited ego's tendency and a limiting ego's tendencies or habit are distinguished. However, when it is clear in the context which are designated, they can be called Egos' Tendencies. In addition, even if the modifier of "limited egos' outlines'" is not used, the word of tendencies usually designate limited egos' outlines' tendencies. In addition, even if the modifier of "intentional functions'" is not used, the word of abilities designate intentional functions' abilities in these books.

HUMANITY AND PERSONALITY

What is called personality consists of intelligence, knowledge, mental emotions' tendencies, intentional functions' abilities, and egos' tendencies. The most important of them are egos' tendencies. The next most important of them are intentional functions' abilities or mental emotions' tendencies. For example, though interpersonal anxiety and the abilities of interpersonal functions are important, if limited egos' tendency to escape interpersonal relations is formed, interpersonal functions are rarely caused, the abilities of interpersonal functions stay more and more immature, and interpersonal anxiety gets more and more intense.
What was important for human beings should have been intelligence and knowledge, above all, the products of thinkings, that is, thoughts or ideas. Most of what was called "humanity" consists of them. Particularly since the enlightenment movement, they have been paid our highest respect to, and have formed various modern cultures. These books never deny that they are important for human beings. All the same, the tendencies of egos can deviate their formation. For example, in those who have intense tendencies of egos to control or destroy anything, autocratic desires and thoughts are formed. Thus, the tendencies of egos decide not only personality but also humanity.

PERIODS DURING WHICH THE TENDENCIES OR ABILITIES OF SIMILAR FUNCTIONS ARE FORMED IN LUMPS

    There are such periods as follows during which the tendencies or abilities of similar functions are formed in lumps: (1) the period during which egos' tendencies are formed by imitating and piggybacking instinctive functions and then reduced, (2) the period during which egos' tendencies and mental emotions' tendencies are formed by coping with the self's images and their surroundings and their products, and (3) the period during which egos' tendencies are formed by coping with egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities. (1)(2)(3) can be called the "Baby and Infant Period," the "Postinfant and Preadlescent Period," and the "Adolescent Period" respectively.

Averagely in human beings, those periods span the following ages:

(1) the baby and infant period:
the ages from 0 to 3
(2) the postinfant and preadlescent period:
the ages fro 3 to 12
(3) the adolescent period:
the ages from 12 to 17

Again, it is averagely that they are so. They will be explained more closely as follows.

(1) The baby and infant period
    The short-circuit, stickiness, showing off the self, and so forth in newborns are instinctive functions also in human beings. All the same, there are very primordial egos as they are also in human newborns, and egos begin to develop. Such egos imitate and piggyback such instinctive functions. This is because almost all they can imitate are their own instinctive functions. Thus, the tendencies of the outlines of egos similar to instincts causing the outlines of intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are formed.
    Here we find that some instinctive functions are classified into such groups as are imitated by egos and thereafter become outlines of egos. Such groups can be called the "Primordial Outlines" of Instinctive Functions. If these books argue instinctive functions, they often argue their primordial outlines. In addition, if the words of "primordial outlines of instinctive functions were always used, sentences will be complicated. Therefore they were usually designated by the simple words of "instinctive functions."
    The tendencies of instinctive functions including them are the largest in newborns, and thereafter they reduce. In addition, the frames of egos and memories imitating functions other than primordial outlines of instinctive functions begin to develop. Therefore the tendencies of egos similar to instincts causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions begin to reduce after being formed. After all in this period, the tendencies of egos similar to instincts causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are formed and thereafter they reduce.
    In addition, the abilities of intentional functions like crawling, standing, walking, and speaking begin to develop. Above all, the abilities of walking upright on two legs and speaking words, which are the most fundamental intentional functions in human beings, begin to develop, and the former are formed almost fully in this period.
    As for interpersonal relations, the relations with their mothers or main caregivers occupy most of them. The influences of such situations will be explained later.

(2) The postinfant and preadolescent period
    The frames of memories are matured almost fully, and the contents of memories get richer. Therefore we can recall some events caused in this period. In other words, we cannot recall anything before the maturation of memories. Again in other words, because the frames of memories had not been matured, we cannot recall anything before the age of three or four. Again in other words, we can guess the border of each of us between the baby and infant period and the postinfant and preadolescent period by re-collecting the ages of some events which can be recalled even partially. The most general of such events are the birth of younger brothers or sisters or the death of grand or grand-grand parents.
    By such maturation of memories, the self's images begin to be generated. Sooner or later thereafter, the finiteness of the self in contrast to the infiniteness of the world begin to be recognized. Soon thereafter the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later begin to be caused. Simultaneously, the tendencies of egos and emotions coping with the self's images and the surroundings and that anxiety begin to be formed.
    As for interpersonal relations, they begin to enter such interpersonal relations as are apart from their mothers or main caregivers, but they do so with their support or in facilities or schools.

(3) The adolescent period
    They come to recognize egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities of the self, and egos' tendencies coping with them are formed.
    As for interpersonal relations, the abilities of interpersonal functions enough to cause independent ones have barely been formed. Anyway, they are still in schools at the present day.
    It overlaps in most part with the period from the beginning to the end of rapid development of sexual functions.
    The indicator of the beginning of this period is the time when they begin to think of what is called "personality" of the self including egos' tendencies and intentional functions' abilities.

CARE OF CHILDREN

The functions to a child by some older human beings which are essential to its existence and development, above all, in the baby and infant period can be called their "Care" of it. It includes breast or bottle feeding, diaper changing, hugging, bathing, and weaning.

MOTHERS

The human beings in the position where they should mainly take care of a child in the baby and infant period can be called its "Mothers (or Caregivers)." Those who are in such a position are mothers, and they do not always take proper care. In addition, they do not always do so with love.
Though mothers are usually a biological mother, they can be a biological father, mothers-in-law, fathers-in-law, grand mothers or fathers, older sisters or brothers, specialists, or the like. In addition, mothers are not always one. For example 1, in the case that a child's biological father is in unemployment and that its biological mother is in employment, the two can be its mothers. For example 2, in the case that a child's biological mother died at its age of one and that one of its grandmothers brought it up after her death, the two can be its mothers. For example 3, in the case where a child's biological mother is busy at regular work and leaves it with babysitters, its biological mother and those babysitters, who are usually more than one, can be its mothers. Therefore the plural form of "mothers (or caregivers)" are often used even for one child in these books. Nonetheless, most mothers are a biological mother. This is because not of an idealistic reason but of a realistic one.

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS OF CHILDREN IN THE BABY AND INFANT PERIOD

Children in the baby and infant period have no choice of interpersonal relations. Their interpersonal relations are limited to their mothers or caregivers and a few others. They cannot help acquiring the love and care in such limited interpersonal relations. This is too obvious for us to take account of.

MOTHERS' LOVE

    Usually, mothers' love of children is unified with mothers' care of children and some other interpersonal functions. Simply, mothers take more or less care of children with more or less love. Metaphorically, love is the spice of care. Though babies survive and grow biologically with care even without love, what become of them psychologically? It seems to be confirmed by the observation of those who are born with heavy disorders excluding nervous ones and brought up with various machines and tubes attached in incubators. Nonetheless, it cannot be confirmed because they are in the midst of the human relations with the masters of childcare like nurses or childminders. Researchers, of course, cannot direct those masters not to have any love.
    Emotions were explained closely in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." Pleasure and displeasure sensations, drives, feelings, desires, and complex emotions can be called Emotions. Love is a kind of complex emotion which consists of sexual drives, drives to gather, drives to protect and nurse children, anxiety about isolation, interpersonal desires, and so forth. Not only human beings but some mammals have some love. Human beings have the most complicated love of all animals.
    Love is different to a great degree depending on its objects and situations. From the beginning, it is wrong that the love of mothers for their children, that between different sexes, that for particular human beings, that for general human beings, that for the truth, and so forth are argued with the same word "love." In this book, from now on, the word "love" designates mothers' love of their children.
    First, more or less even in human beings, regardless of blood relation, there remain some drives (1) to protect and bring up their juniors. Second, (1) is influenced by the change (2) of endocrine systems and nervous systems which start with pregnancy. Third, when those who are in the position of taking care of a baby, that is, its mothers or caregivers encounter it for the first time, the feeling (3) like "wonder at life" is caused more or less. Though such a feeling is often told by biological mothers who encounter their babies for the first time after delivery, it can be experienced more or less by any mother or caregiver. Even when a baby is the second, third or the like for its mother, she has almost forgotten the feeling which she had when she faced the first, second, or the like. Forth, babies or infants attract their mothers while growing, and exert some influences (4) on mothers' emotions. The complex emotion where (1)-(4) are dominant can be called (Mothers') "(Natural) Love" (for Children).
    Mothers' love is contaminated with such selfish desires as children will become some labor force when grown up and as children will take care of mothers in their old age. Such desires are influenced by social systems. For example 1, in a country where elderly welfare is promoted, a minority of mothers will want their children to take care of them. For example 2, in a nation where the systems for the protection of laborers' right and for children's pubic education are established, a minority of mothers will force their children to work. Anyway, it is inevitable that such selfish desires are blended with love more or less. In addition, as long as (1)-(4) explained above is dominant, such mixture is harmless for children.
    In addition, mothers' love is accompanied with the feeling of the duty to bring up their children in good health. Such a duty is based on unwritten and written laws. The complex emotions where such feeling of duty is dominant cannot be called mothers' love. All the same, some feeling of duty is necessary.
    Again, the complex emotion where (1)-(4) explained above is dominant can be called Mothers' Love. Therefore mothers do not need to think of love seriously. Though extreme, those who think what is mothers' love do not have it.
    In general, other persons' emotions are recognized and perceived. Also in the children before the age of three, mothers' love is perceived and recognized in their own way. Here, the inconsistency of

(1)(Mothers') love (for their children)
(2)The love recognized by mothers
(3)The love sought by mothers
(4)The love recognized by children
(5)The love sought by children

matters. What matters for children is (4)(5) and the difference between (4) and (5). What matters for mothers is (1)(2)(3), the difference between (2) and (3), and the difference between them and (4)(5) and the difference between (4) and (5). All the same, as long as the natural love explained above is dominant, those differences do not matter much. That is because all that babies or infants can recognize is the natural love explained above and because they cannot recognize adults' affairs.
    In addition, children seek not deep or abundant love but common love where (1)-(4) explained above is dominant. That is because when there is common love, children seek something other than love like toys and friends.
    Again, mothers' love of children is unified with mothers' care of children and some other interpersonal functions. However, if it was always explained and if the words like "mothers' love, care, and some other interpersonal functions for children" were always used, sentences would be complicated. Therefore, in those books, when love is dominant, they are called Love; when care is dominant, they are called Care; when the both are dominant, they are called Love and Care.

MOTHERS' THINNESS OF LOVE OR CARE

    It often happens that Mothers' love or care goes thin temporarily. In contrast, that mothers' love or care is thin continuously or continually can be called "(Mothers') Thinness of Love or Care. For example 1, when mothers are isolated and they have few interpersonal relations with others, some of them do not let their children go away from themselves and make use of the relations with their children in order to reduce the feeling of being isolated. In such a case, the desires and egos intending to reduce such a feeling are dominant, and love becomes thin. For example 2, when a mother's ego's tendency to control anything is intense and when she intends to control their children, too, her love becomes thin. Moreover, these two examples lead to the enclosure which will be explained later. As was explained earlier, all that children can recognize is natural love. Though they cannot recognize the causes or situations which make love thin, they can recognize the thinness of natural love.
    In addition, concerning what is called "overflowing love," sometimes, it is contaminated mostly with some emotions like those explained above, that is, most of it is seeming love, and in it love is thin. In addition, as was explained above, what children seek is not overflowing but natural and common love. Therefore we require attention to it.
    Being sticky, showing off the self, and so forth are (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions fit for babies to acquire mothers' love and care. Babies have infantile egos as they are, and they imitate and piggyback those instinctive functions, and the tendencies of the outlines of the egos similar to instincts causing the intentional functions similar to those instinctive functions. When the mothers of a baby or infant take care of it with love in the baby and infant period, it is satisfied with the love and care and is sometimes bored with love, they seek something other than love, and the tendencies of the outlines of those egos similar to instinct begin to reduce. In contrast, when its mothers' love and care are thin, it cannot be satisfied with love, it goes on seeking it forever, it goes on being sticky, showing off the self, and so forth, the tendencies of the outlines of those egos similar to instincts do not reduce. Mothers' thinness of love are the most potent external situation that forms falling tendencies which will be explained later.
    Battering, neglect, and so forth are more serious and clearer than mothers' thinness of love. All the same, we should not neglect the latter by paying too much attention to the former. Anyway, the former contain the latter. In addition, the former can be looked upon as an extreme aspect of the latter. Battering, neglect, and so forth are included in mothers' thinness of love in these books.

ENCLOSURES

    An individual's, above all, a mother's keeping other individuals, above all, his or her children to himself or herself and not letting them go apart from himself or herself both physically and mentally in order to increase or maintain his or her pleasure emotions or decrease his or her displeasure emotions can be called the individual's "Enclosure" of the other individuals or Enclosing them.
    In mothers, when their desires' dissatisfaction in general is intense, the desires which can be satisfies with their children are heightened, and mothers often enclose their children. Above all, when mothers are isolated, when their interpersonal relations are limited, and when they fall into the dissatisfaction of interpersonal desires, they often enclose their children in order to satisfy their interpersonal desires with their children. In addition, in what is called interference or meddling, mothers, fathers, or grand fathers or mothers try to satisfy the desire to spread their values by imposing them on their children or grand children by enclosing them. What is called interference or meddling is included in enclosure in these books.
    In enclosure, it is some mental emotions other than love that mothers try to satisfy. As a result, love goes thin in enclosure.
    Mothers' thinness of love and enclosure of their children are the main external situation that forms falling tendencies of children which will be explained later.

IMITATIONS

    The intentional functions and instinctive functions of other individuals and the self are perceived, and egos intend to cause them. This is the first half of an imitation. Though failing again and again, egos cause those intentional function and those similar to instinctive functions again and again. This is the second half of an imitation of try and error. When they are repeated, the abilities of those intentional functions and the tendencies of egos to cause them are formed. This is the completion of imitation and the ending of try and error. Thus, all the formations of intentional functions' abilities and egos' tendencies involve some imitations more or less. However, in some of those formations, try and error is too dominant to use the word of imitation. For example, such a word is hard to use in the formation of the ability of the intentional function like walking upright on two legs or speaking or writing words.
    In addition, concerning the imitation of the self's instinctive functions, the word of imitation might be inappropriate. That is because there is too little try and error. It might be appropriate to use the word of "piggybacking." Therefore the combined words of imitation and piggybacking will sometimes be used in these books.
    In contrast, the following usages will be common. Above all, destroying anything and controlling anything are imitated, and egos' tendency to destroy and control anything are formed or enhanced, above all, in the preadolescent and adolescent period. For example, though it is a pity, it cannot help being said that the children brought up in violent groups often become destructive.
    All the same, egos' tendency to destroy anything is formed in the baby and infant period also by imitating and piggybacking the self's instinctive functions. Such destructive tendency as was formed in the baby and infant period tends to head for the self.

FACING OR CONFRONTING AND ESCAPING

FACING OR CONFRONTATION AND ESCAPING

    When a thing (O) causes some pain (PO),
when an intentional function (F) dealing with O also causes some pain (PF),
when F can decrease PO or increase or maintain some pleasure emotions in the future,
and when another intentional function (E) dealing with O can decrease PO temporarily;
F can be called "Facing" or Confronting O, PO, or PF. In addition, the limited egos causing F can be called egos' Facing or Confronting O, PO, PF, or F. In addition, E can be called Escaping (from) O, PO, or PF. In addition, the limited egos causing E can be called egos' Escaping (from) O, PO, PF, or F.
    Moreover, depending on O, sometimes, facing or escaping become an outline of limited egos, the tendencies of the limited egos belonging to such an outline are formed together, and those tendencies are formed with such an outline made a unit. Such an outline can also be called Facing or Escaping. For example, escaping interpersonal relations, that is, interpersonal escape is an outline of limited egos, and its tendency is formed with such an outline made a unit. As was explained earlier, the interpersonal escape as an intentional function has some subgroups of (1) directly escaping interpersonal relations by pretending illness, (2) always causing superficial interpersonal functions, (3) always causing business-like interpersonal functions, (4) always causing destructive and inhospitable interpersonal functions, and so forth, and each of their abilities is separately formed. In contrast, the tendency of interpersonal escape as an outline of limited egos is formed in a lump. Simply, there is no great difference between (1)(2)(3)(4)... for egos.
    Facing and escaping can be looked upon as bipolar functions as those dealing with O. Moreover, including facing and escaping, causing a function at once can be called "Short-circuiting," and this and waiting and seeing can be looked upon as bipolar functions. We usually do not face or escape, or short-circuit but do wait and see in our daily lives. However, there are some imminent situations where we cannot wait and see. In addition, in any situation, we cannot timelessly wait and see.
    At least in human beings, facing or confrontation is not the same as fighting, and escaping is not the same as running away. For example 1, it is confrontation for the people involved in a war to carry out dangerous running away for the sake of the safety in the future. In this case, it is facing the intentional function of running away. For example, it is sometimes confrontation for those who have conflicted for years to compromise. In this case, they sometimes have to face their own disgrace. For example 3, when negotiation is hard, we sometimes escape from it and fight physically. Thus, above all, facing or confrontation is not the same as fighting. Please do not forget this.
    In addition, daring to wait and see in imminent situations can also be looked upon as facing or confrontation. For example, while mothers take care of their babies with moderate love, around the age of six months, the latter come to be able to wait and see for a while without desperately crying out even if they have moderate thirst and hunger. This is looked upon as facing an intentional function of waiting and seeing and an important step to independence.
    Anyway, in order to prevent overwork, animals including human beings cannot always face or confront, or short-circuit, and we sometimes need to escape, to wait and see, to restf, and to sleep. These books never say that we should always face or confront everything. They make it clear what we need to face or confront.

FACING AND ESCAPING IMAGES

    Some images just recollected cause some pain. This is a displeasure feeling, which was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." For example, the self's immature abilities of interpersonal functions recollected as images cause pain like anxiety, self-hatred, dishonor, and so forth.
    As was explained in that book, it is hard or impossible for any egos directly to bring farther or extinguish any images being recollected. Therefore each ego brings some images farther by taking some other images closer. This is a "switch" from some images to some other images. When some images being recollecte cause intense pain, all that egos need to do to reduce that pain is switch from them to some trifles. Simply, what are switched to makes no difference. In such a case, switching from some images to some other images can be called egos' Escape from or Escaping (from) the former. For example, when the self's immature abilities of interpersonal functions are recollected as images and when those images cause anxiety, self-hatred, and so forth, some egos switch to the images of some other abilities of theirs like intelligence, physical ability, or appearance which they think to be excellent or to those of some possessions like power, status, or money and escape those images.
    In contrast, egos' not escaping from some images causing some pain and manipulating them or start to thinking of them can be called egos' Facing or Confronting the images.
    When an ego faces some images, the confrontation with those images is recollected as the most complicated functional image. Simultaneously, the increase or maintenance of some pleasure or the decrease of some pain in the future is recollected as images, and some pleasure autonomic sensations like moderate palpitation and smooth respiration are caused in such a way as was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." For example, the future ease, cheers, and so on caused by the formation of the self's abilities of interpersonal functions are recollected as images. Therefore egos face the self's immature abilities recollected as images though they temporarily cause the pain like anxiety and self-hatred.
    Facing or confrontation and escaping images can also be represented by the words of mental facing or confrontation and mental escape These words will sometimes be used in these books.

TENDENCIES TO FACE OR CONFRONT AND TO ESCAPE

    At least, escaping such images of the self as cause some pain is an outline of limited egos, and the tendency to escape such images is formed in a lump with that outline made a unit. For example, in those whose tendency to escape the images of the self's immaturity of the abilities of interpersonal functions, the tendency to escape the images of the self's tendencies falling into a vicious circle, which will be explained later.
    However, there is not as much difference between individuals in the tendency to escape such images as in the other tendencies of egos. Simply, all of us try not to see the dark side of the self.
    However, these books never say that human beings need to confront the self whatever it is. They try to define to the utmost limit what we need to face.

TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

INSTINCTIVE FUNCTIONS

    Instinctive functions need to be explained before explaining falling tendencies. The functions which are intentional functions caused by egos and whose abilities and tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly in human adults but which are caused by some things other than egos and whose abilities and tendencies are formed mainly innately in human newborns can be called "Instinctive" Functions. For example, adults' sucking milk is an intentional function but newborns' doing it is an instinctive function. In general in human beings and other higher mammals, the abilities and tendencies of instinctive functions reduce or disappear as they grow. For example, the way for adults to suck milk is awkward and hesitant.
    Even in newborns, the frames of egos are formed almost completely, and there are infantile egos as they are in babies or infants. In contrast, in them, the frames of perceptions, memories, and voluntary movements have not been formed enough. In such babies or infants, almost all that infantile egos can do is imitate their own instinctive functions, and they imitate and piggyback some instinctive functions. The instinctive functions which they imitate and piggyback can be classified into some primordial outlines, which later can become true outlines of (limited) egos by egos' imitating and piggybacking them. Such outlines include short-circuiting, being desperate, destroying anything, being sticky, showing off the self, and controlling anything.
  While such outlines are primordial outlines of instinctive functions, they are fit functions for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist.
  Short circuit is small animals' running away or hiding instantly when they are assaulted by natural enemies, human newborns' crying instantly after delivery, most mammals' sucking milk instantly after delivery, or the like. Being sticky is most animal children's dangling after and clinging to their parents. Showing off the self is most animal children's attracting their parents' attention by chirping, crying, or the like. They are fit functions for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist, and without them animals cannot exist.
    As for being desperate, destroying anything, and controlling anything, it is fit for genes, individuals, groups, and species for exist, depending on situations, to switch between offense, defense, waiting and seeing, control, submission, trusting, independence, dependence, and so forth. All the same, in the situations which seems to be vital and to be hard to overcome by any functions, animals sometimes become desperate and try to destroy and control anything. Such desperation, destruction, and control can destroy the self, too. All the same, such instinctive functions sometimes lead to survival miraculously and make natural enemies threatened even temporarily. That is, it is better to be desperate than to die without doing anything. Also human babies, when their mothers' care is delayed, become desperate and destructive and try to control their mothers as if they were tyrants by crying more fiercely than any other animal babies.
    In the newborns of general animals including human beings, the abilities and tendencies of instinctive functions are formed mainly innately (by genes). Thereafter in general animals, the their abilities and tendencies reduce as they grow. This reduction is caused mainly innately by genes.

TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE

    The outlines of limited egos which consist of (1-1)(1-2)(1-3) and have the following properties (2)(3)(4) can be called "(the Outlines of) (Limited) Egos Falling (into a Vicious Circle)."

(1-1) Averagely in the human beings in the baby and infant period, the limited egos' outlines whose tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions
and thereafter are reduced even in this period but do not dissapear
and remain more or less also after this period
and which have the following properties (2)(3)(4) can be called "Infantile (or Infant)" Egos(' Outlines) Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called Infantile Tendencies Falling (into Vicious Circle).
(1-2) Averagely in the human beings in the postinfant and preadolescent period, the limited egos' outlines whose tendencies are formed by egos' coping with the gap between the self's images and the world's and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later can be called "Preadolescent" Egos(' Outlines) Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called Preadolescent Tendencies Falling (into Vicious Circle).
(1-3) Averagely in human beings in the adolescent period, the limited egos' outlines whose tendencies are formed by egos' coping with infantile and preadolescent falling tendencies and which have the following properties (2)(3)(4) can be called "Adolescent" Egos(' Outlines) Falling (into a Vicious Circle), and their tendencies can be called Adolescent Tendencies Falling (into a Vicious Circle).
(2) The intentional functions caused by them temporarily reduce the self's pain or cause the self's pleasure emotions. All the same, in the long run, the intentional functions caused by them causes the self's and other persons' pain, above all, the self's mental pain intensely and continuously or continually.
(3) Their tendencies are together formed or reduced.
(4) They and their tendencies cause various kinds of vicious circles.

    Moreover, the intentional functions caused directly by falling egos' outlines can be called "(the Outlines of) Intentional Functions Falling (into a Vicious Circle)." The other functions caused indirectly by falling egos' outlines can be called "(the Outlines of) Functions Falling (into a Vicious Circle)(in a Narrow Sense)." The outlines of falling egos, falling intentional functions, and falling functions in a narrow sense can be called "(the Outlines of) Functions Falling (into a Vicious Circle)." The tendencies of falling functions can be called "Tendencies Falling (into a Vicious Circle)." The matrix of falling tendencies can be called "Tendencies (or Habit) Falling (into a Vicious Circle)." Moreover, just the same apply to infantile, preadolescent, and adolescent ones.
    The functions in falling functions can be not only egos but also intentional functions, recollections of images, and mental emotions. For example, the expansion of the gap between the self and the world is a recollection of images, and the desire to make the self eternal is literally a desire included in mental emotions. All the same, the falling functions excluding falling egos are caused directly or indirectly by falling egos. In addition, most falling functions are falling egos, and most falling tendencies are falling egos' tendencies. In short, the responsibility for falling tendencies lies with egos.
    For example, (the standard deviation value of) the falling tendencies (or habit) of an individual is described as follows.

(the tendency to short-circuit, the tendency to be desperate, the tendency to destroy anything, the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to show off the self,...) = (67, 71, 58, 72, 62,...)
    It is hard for human beings in the postadolescent period to understand why such falling tendencies as cause the pain in the long run are formed. This is because even human newborns or babies have infantile egos as they are, because falling functions frequently reduced their pain even though temporarily, because the tendencies formed in that period are hard to reduce or reform, because preadolescent and adolescent falling tendencies are formed on the basis of infantile falling tendencies, and because we cannot remember anything in the baby and infant period.

THE ACQUIRED FORMATION OF FALLING TENDENCIES

As was explained above, most falling tendencies are egos' tendencies. In addition, as was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES," egos' tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly. However, as was explained above, infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (primordial outlines of)instinctive functions. the tendencies of those instinctive functions imitated and piggybacked are formed mainly innately. Here it is probable that in newborns or babies whose tendencies of instinctive functions are large innately, the tendencies of egos similar to instinct causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are intensely formed. That is, it is probable that the acquired formation of falling egos' tendencies is influenced by what is innate. However, the acqired formation of the tendecies of all egos, mental emotions, and recollections of images are influenced by what is innate. Therefore it is not completely but mainly acquiredly that their tendencies are formed. Therefore the tendencies of falling egos are formed, all the same, mainly innately.

FALLING TENDENCIES' BEING FORMED TOGETHER

  First, infantile falling tendencies are formed together in the following reason (1)(2). (1) Originally, infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions and thereafter reduced more or less. Those imitated and piggybacked all exist and function at least in all the newborns of human beings, and none of them are lacking. (2) the main external situation hindering falling tedencies from being reduced and forming them is the same mothers' thinness of love and enclosure and the child's imitation of the same mothers.
    Also after postinfant and preadolescent period, infantile falling tendencies remain more or less and go on affecting preadolescent, adolescent, and postadolescent falling tendencies, and in most cases, the situation of (2) does not change drastically.
    Second, falling tendencies in general cause various vicious circles, most of those vicious circles more or less form most of falling tendencies.

THE UNIVERSALITY OF FALLING TENDENCIES

Infantile falling tendencies, though they are formed and thereafter reduced in the baby and infant period, remain more or less in every human being. In addition, the gap between the self's image and the world's image, the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later, and the desire to make the self eternal which are the core of preadolescent falling tendencies, if it were not for falling tendencies, would exist and function more or less in every human being. In addition, the tendency to escape and patch up the self's falling tendencies which is the core of the adolescent period, if it were not for falling tendencies, would exist and function, as the tendency to escape and patch up the self's dark side, more or less in every human being. Therefore all human beings have falling tendencies more or less. It is not at all that what is called mental disorders only have them. It is no more than that some extreme cases of falling tendencies can be looked upon as some mental disorders. This book tries to explain not such extreme cases but such falling functions and tendencies as all human beings have. In addition, this book will make it clear that everybody needs to confront falling functions and tendencies. However, they will become easier to understand when a little heavier examples of them are enumerated, and so it will be done. Nonetheless, please do not forget that everybody has falling functions and tendencies and needs to confront them.
Falling functions include the following, and the following occupy most of them.

INFANTILE FALLING TENDENCIES

    Again, even in newborns, the frames of egos are formed almost completely, and they have infantile egos as they are. Such egos imitate and piggyback (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions, and the tendencies of egos similar to instinct causing intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are formed. Sooner or later, those egos become outlines of egos, and the tendencies of those outlines of egos are formed. This is because voluntary movements, perceptions, associations, and thinkings are not fully developed in newborns and because almost all that they can imitate is their own instinctive functions. However, the tendencies of instinctive functions are the largest in newborns and thereafter go on being reduced, and the abilities of voluntary movements, perceptions, associations, and thinkings go being formed. Then, the tendencies (of outlines) of egos similar to instincts to cause intentional functions similar to instinctive functions should also have been reduced. However, they are not reduced easily. Why?
    For the human babies or infants in the baby and infant period, mothers' love and care are vital, and their egos seek them. Out of (outlines of)intentional functions similar to (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions, being sticky and showing off the self are fit functions for seeking love, short-circuit, controlling anything, and destroying anything are fit functions for seeking care, and desperation is fit functions for seeking the both. Therefore, even after the tendencies of their original instinctive functions are reduced, So are intentional functions similar to them. Therefore the tendencies (of outlines) of egos causing those intentional functions similar to instinctive functions are not reduced but formed for a while after the tendencies of those imitated instinctive functions are reduced. Anyway, they are no longer instinctive functions but complete outlines of instinctive functions or egos. From now on, the words of short-circuit, desperation, being sticky, showing of the self, controlling anything, destroying anything, and so forth will designate the outlines of intentional functions or egos. However, in order to distinguish them from the other intentional functions or egos, they will also be called (the outlines of) "Instinctive Intentional Functions" or (the Outlines of) Instinctive (Limited) Egos.
    All the same, also in infants, voluntary movements, perceptions, associations, thinkings go on developing, and the abilities of intentional functions other than instinctive ones and the tendencies of egos to cause them also go on being formed. Simply, infants have more and more choices. For example, they have the choice of playing with some persons other than their mothers or playing alone. Then, when their mothers' love and care are sufficient, the egos of babies or infants cause some intentional functions other than instinctive ones, and the tendencies of some outlines of egos other than instinctive egos go on being formed, and the tendencies of the outlines of instinctive egos go on being reduced.
    In contrast, when their mothers' love or care is thin, what happens? The egos baby or infant cannot help seeking them and going on causing instinctive intentional functions, and the tendencies of the outlines of instinctive egos are nor reduced but to on to be formed.
    The instinctive ego and instinctive intentional functions whose tendencies and abilities are formed in the above ways become less and less similar to instincts and instinctive functions. They become, to put them better, human, original, and sophisticated, to put them worse, unnatural, artificial, and cunning. They often remain until postadolescent period, and, above all, adults' being sticky and showing off the self are cunning.
    Moreover, there remain a potent instinctive function and outline of instinctive intentional functions and egos. It is isolation. In newborns of general animals, it is not a fit function to go apart from their mothers or groups and to go independent or isolated. Gradually as they grow, they come independent or isolated. Children, who are bullied or battered in their groups, cannot help isolating themselves from their groups earlier than the other children. Such an isolating themselves is the last instinctive function, as it were. In human beings, when their mothers' love and care are thin, infantile egos as they are isolate themselves mentally, and the tendency (of outlines) of (limited) egos to isolate themselves. What such isolation bring about will be explained later.
    Now let us look over the specifics of infantile falling tendencies.

SHORT-CIRCUIT

    (The primordial outlines) of the instinctive functions which make animals cause intentional functions or instinctive functions at once can be called "Short-circuit" or Short-circuiting. The contrary is waiting and seeing.
    Short-circuit is a fit instinctive function for the genes, individuals, groups, and species of some animal species to exist. For example, the small animals like mice and squirrels could not exist if they did not run away instantly when attacked by carnivores. In addition, occasionally waiting and seeing and bypassing is fit for animal genes, individuals, groups, and the species to exist. For example, small animals need to keep still for a while after they run away and hide themselves. In addition, some carnivores ambush others.
    Averagely in animals, newborns short-circuit, and this is a fit instinctive function for them to exist. That is because sucking milk, keeping heat, and so forth are urgently necessary for them. Thereafter, they come to wait and see step by step. This change and the result are also fit for them to exist. Also in human beings, a newborn cry and cry and short-circuit when it has pain, hunger, or thirst. This is an instinctive function. Otherwise, most mothers would failed in nursing.
    Soon after delivery, infantile egos as they are imitate and piggyback short-circuit as an instinctive function, and the tendency (of the outlines) of instinctive egos starts to be formed. When their mothers takes care of them with love, even if care like feeding milk is delayed, they come to be able to wait and see for minutes around the age of 0.5, and the tendency to short-circuit starts to be reduced. Also thereafter, children experience the needlessness and disadvantages of short-circuiting and the necessity and advantages of waiting and seeing, bypassing, thinking, and so on, and the tendency to short-circuit is reduced and the tendencies to wait and see, to by-pass, to think, and so on are formed.
    In contrast, when mothers' love is thin and when their care is insufficient, infantile egos as they are goes on short-circuiting and crying desperately, and the tendencies to short-circuit, to be desperate, and to destroy anything are often formed.
    When the tendency to short-circuit is formed, egos only cause the intentional functions which are short-circuit or those whose abilities have already been formed, above all, falling intentional functions. Therefore the abilities of other intentional functions and the tendencies of other egos' outlines are hardly formed, and falling tendencies are hardly reduced. This is also a vicious circle.
    In addition, when the tendency to short-circuit is formed, egos rarely intend to think, and the ability to think is not formed sufficiently. Then, if egos intend to think and behave themselves, those thinkings are superficial and poor, and those behaviors do not bring any good results. Then, egos give up thinkings in general and even beautify and justify short-circuit in general. Then, the abilities to think are not formed, and the tendency to short-circuit is formed more and more. This is a vicious circle, too.
    However, some of the original products which short-circuit often bring about are sometimes masterpieces by accident and the child is sometimes admired as a genius. Such admiration sometimes prompts children to fall all the more into vicious circles.
    Such a short-circuit as has been explained in this section needs to be clearly distinguished from the short-circuit of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. While the main cause of the latter is functional and organic disorders of nervous system, that of the former is the process of formation of egos' tendencies in the baby and infant period. While the treatment of the latter is not established, the tendencies of the former is reduced by egos' facing or confronting the self's falling functions and tendencies, above all, the self's giving up thinkings and beautifying and justifying its short-circuit.

DESPERATION

Desperation as a (primordial outline of) instinctive function was explained earlier. It is the last resort for the animals driven into predicament. Fortunately or unfortunately for human newborns, desperation is no more than crying desperately. When their mothers' cares are delayed, human newborns or babies cry desperately. Thus, the tendencies (of outlines) of (instinctive) egos to be desperate is formed. These tendencies are reduced when their mothers take car of them with love and not reduced but formed when their mothers' love and care are thin.
Desperate intentional functions are also a fit means for the children or adults after the baby and infant period to get their arguments across. Such desperation, sometimes, as the extension of that whose tendency was formed in the baby and infant period enhances that tendency and, sometimes, as another outline of egos forms its own tendency. That other outline is self-conservative. In contrast, the desperation whose tendency was formed in the baby and infant period is self-destructive. What it brings will be explained below.

DESTROYING ANYTHING

    When animals suffer the attacks from animals of the same or different species or natural disasters, they protect themselves, fight back, run away, or hide themselves. Switching them depending on the situation is fit for animal genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist. All the same, when those functions are not effective, some animals go desperate and destroy anything. Such destruction sometimes involves the self as a result. Though their success rate is smaller than the functions enumerated above, being desperate and destroying anything are sometimes fit for the animals facing extreme danger to survive it and are usually the last resort.
    Destruction is directed toward the same species in human beings more often than in other animals. For example, battering, bullying, violence, war, slaughter, and so forth are included in destruction. Such large-scale destruction like war and slaughter is sometimes caused by the tendency of holders of powers to destroy anything.
    In addition, in human beings, destruction is sometimes directed toward the self intentionally. Not only suicide and self-injury but also anorexia, bulimia, drug abuse, and so forth overlap in much part with the destruction of the self. Destruction of the self is included in destroying anything in these books.
    Animal babies also go desperate and destroy anything. In human babies, destruction is not clear because their abilities of voluntary movements have not be adequately formed yet. All the same, the tendency to destroy anything as instinctive functions exists, and though, practically, they cannot destroy anything, they cry and try to destroy anything when their mothers' cares are delayed.
    Simultaneously, babies' infantile egos as they are imitate and piggyback destroying anything as a (primordial outline of) instinctive function, and the tendency (of outline) of (instinctive) egos goes on being formed. When a baby is taken care of with love by its mothers, around the age of 0.5, it comes to be able to wait and see, do not destroy all things, and its tendency to destroy anything goes on being reduced.
    In contrast, when its mothers' care and love are not enough, it goes on short-circuiting, being desperate, and destroying anything, and its tendency to destroy anything is often not reduced but formed together with that to short-circuit and that to be desperate.
    Such destroying anything whose tendency is formed in the baby and infant period sometimes develops into the following in the adolescent period. That is, it sometimes develops into "self-destruction," and the tendency of the latter is formed as the tendency to destroying the self. This often materializes as extreme wrist cutting, extreme overdosing, and so forth. In addition, it sometimes leads to or overlaps with extreme drug dependence, extreme eating disorder, and so forth. What cause those?.
    In the baby and infant period, the images of the self have not been generated yet, and there is no anxiety about or fear of the self's death which is real and impending or the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later. Therefore babies and infants who are short-circuiting, being desperate, and destroying anything do not fear the self's death. In addition, the individuals including children and adults who are doing those whose tendencies were formed in the baby and infant period do not much fear the self's death. In addition, the individuals who are doing those which are based on those whose tendencies were formed in the baby and period do not much fear the self's death.
    Moreover, the following enhances self-destruction and the tendency to destroy the self. In the preadolescent period, the self's images are generated, and the anxiety about or fear of the self's death which is real and impending and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later come to be caused. Sometimes in the individuals who underwent the extreme thinness of love and care, battering, extreme neglect, extreme isolation, and so forth in the baby and infant period, by the destroying the complex images of the self which will be explained later, the self's images are not clearly generated, and the anxiety about or fear of the self's death which is real and impending and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later do not come to be intensely caused. Such individuals all the less fear the self's death.
    Those are the main cause of self-destruction and the tendency to destroy the self.
    The tendency to destroy anything is formed also in and after the preadolescent period by children's imitation of seniors. For example 1, though it is a pity, the children of destructive parents are often destructive. For example 2, though it is a pity very much, the children brought up in a violent group are often destructive. Its tendency is formed by children's imitation of seniors. We had better looked upon such destruction as an outline of egos distinct from that whose tendency is formed in the baby and infant period. The destruction whose tendency is formed in and after preadolescent period is usually headed for not the self but others. This is because, in the period when its tendency is formed, the images of the self have already been generated and the anxiety about or fear of the self's death which is real and impending and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later are existing and functioning.
    In addition, mothers' and other persons' enclosure of children and children's intense rebellion against and destruction of that enclosure in the adolescent period sometimes form or enhance the tendency to destroy anything. Children need to rebel against enclosure and destroy it to some extent in order to win independence. However, when enclosure and the rebellion against it and the destruction of it are too intense and frequent, it leads to the following. Children rebel wholly and rarely cause other functions, and the tendencies of other outlines of egos and the abilities of other intentional functions are hardly formed. As a result, their independence are hindered, and the tendency to destroy anything is formed or enhanced.
    After all, the outlines of egos to destroy anything are as follows:

(1) egos' outline whose tendency is formed by the imitation and piggybacking of a primordial outline of instinctive functions,
(2) egos' outline which is fundamentally (1) and whose tendency is enhanced by the vagueness of the self's images and by the thinness of the anxiety about or fear of the self's death which is real and impending and the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later,(3) egos' outline whose tendency is formed by the imitation of other persons' destructive intentional functions,
(4) egos' outline which is fundamentally (1) and whose tendency is enhanced by (3),
(5) egos' outline whose tendency is formed by the rebellion against and destruction of enclosure, and
(6) egos' outline which is fundamentally (1) and whose tendency is enhanced by (5).

Out of (1)-(7), (4) is the most destructive, and needs the most intensive attention. Simply, the destruction of others which does not fear the self's death is the fiercest. In short, we need the most intensive attention to the autocrats who were not loved by their mothers in the baby and infant period. This statement may make such autocrats face their own falling tendencies. We hope it.

STICKINESS

    The primordial outline of instinctive functions not to come apart from and not to let go things including other individuals belonging to the same species can be called "Stickiness" or Beig Sticky, Sticking to or on them, Adhesiveness, Being Adhesive, Adhering to them, or Dangling to or about them. In human beings, it becomes an outline of (instinctive) egos and intends not to come apart from and not to let go things including their mothers both physically and mentally, and to get love. Such outline of (instinctive) egos can be called Stickiness, Being sticky, or Sticking or Dangling to or about them.
    Newborns' stickiness is a primordial outline of instinctive functions fit for animal babies to exist. They could not exist if they went apart from their parents. For example, mammals' babies dangle about their parents while even crawling. In human babies, because it takes months even for them to crawl, such dangling about is not clear, and they cry and cry and call their mothers. They stick to their mothers through crying. If it were not for such stickiness, even human newborns or babies could not exist and even human mothers would fail in nursing.
    Primordial outlines of instinctive functions and outlines of instinctive intentional functions in general are fit to mothers' love and care. Above all, being sticky and showing off the self which will be explained later are fir for that. From the point of view of mothers, their babies' being sticky and showing off the self often look lovable, apart from adults', and stimulate their love.
    When babies or infants are taken care of by their mothers with love, their tendency (of outline of instinctive egos) to be sticky starts to be reduced, and comes to be reduced substantially around the age of three. In contrast, if their mothers' love and care are thin, they cannot help going on seeking love and care and going on being sticky, and their tendency to be sticky is often not reduced but formed and remains even after the age of three. Furthermore, after the age of three when their interpersonal functions are extended to persons other than their mothers, such children stick to general human beings. Such children are often disliked and alienated, they cannot help seeking love and being sticky more and more, and their tendency to be sticky is formed more and more. Even if their sticky tendency is reduced to a degree, because that of the other children are rapidly reduced, they are outstandingly sticky in the interpersonal relations of the same species and the same age.
    In addition, the desire to seek love in itself is intensely formed. It can be called the "Desire for Love." Though it exists and functions in all higher mammal including human beings, that which are formed with stickiness is fierce.
    Thus, mothers' thinness of love and care is the main external situation forming the tendency to be sticky. Mothers' stickiness and children's imitation of it also form sticky tendencies to a degree.
    Thereafter it is probable that stickiness is directed toward friends, classmates, and teachers in kindergarten or school, later toward colleagues, staffs, and bosses in office, and toward friends and boy or girl friends everywhere, husbands or wives and children at home. Thus, adults' stickiness is sometimes directed even toward his or her children, and it is imitated by them. This is a vicious circle beyond generations. In addition, the stickiness in and after the adolescent period is complicated and cunning. For example, it comes to involve and manipulate other persons.
    Stickiness causes intense pain. First, they cause intense anxiety and solitude when they cannot stick to other persons and those having sticky tendency cannot help sticking to others desperately. Second, they cause isolation and solitude by being kept away from others. Also for this reason, they cannot help being sticky more and more.
    Moreover, because they almost always stick to others in interpersonal relations, the tendencies of interpersonal egos and the abilities of interpersonal intentional functions other than sticky ones are hardly formed. Simply they do not know various ways to get along with other persons. Also for this reason, they cannot help being sticky more and more. This is also a vicious circle. It is true of all falling tendencies, but it is true, above all, of short-circuiting, being desperate, destroying anything, being sticky, showing off the self, and controlling anything in interpersonal functions.
    Falling tendencies in general are formed together for the reasons explained earlier. Furthermore for the following reason, the tendencies of stickiness, showing off the self, controlling anything, destroying anything, isolating oneself are often formed together. Human beings try to show themselves off in order to stick and get love. When they cannot stick or get love, they try to control or destroy others. As a result they are alienated and do isolate themselves. This explanation will be omitted from now on.

SHOWING OFF THE SELF

    Showing off the self to other animals of the same species excessively can be called "Showing Off the Self." In human beings, it includes putting on airs, talking too much about the self, boasting of the self, talking too much about his or her past, talking the self exaggerated or fabricated, and even talking of the self's defects.
    Showing off the self is a fit (primordial outline of) instinctive function for animal newborns to exist. That is because they could not exist if they did not attract their parents' attention and care. For example, the babies of cats, dogs, human beings, and so on cry as if they attract their parents' attention. All the same, the tendency (of the outline) of (instinctive) egos to show off the self starts to be formed.
    Adults sometimes feel that children are lovable. That is a natural feeling. In addition, they sometimes praise children frankly. Mothers all the more do so. Doing so overlaps with love.
    In human beings, when babies or infants are loved and praised by their mothers, around the end of 3, being satisfied with or weary of being loved and praised and its own showing off the self, they cause some interpersonal functions other than showing off the self to some persons including their mothers, and their tendency to show off the self goes on being reduced.
    In contrast, when their mothers' love (and care) and praise are not enough, they cannot be satisfied with or weary of love and praise and their own showing off the self, they go on doing it, and the tendency to do it is not reduced but retained or formed. Thus, the main external situation forming the tendency to show off the self is the shortage of mothers' love (and care) and praise.
    The other ways to form the tendency to show off the self and to fall into vicious circles are almost the same as those concerning stickiness. Here only what is particular to showing off the self will be explained. It is not the real self but the self exaggerated and fabricated for others that are showed off. All the same, while showing off the self is repeated, the images of the real self are covered by the images of the self exaggerated and fabricated though partially. As a result, the tendency to show off the self hinders egos from facing the self and its falling tendencies. This is also a vicious circle.

CONTROLLING ANYTHING

    An individual's trying indiscriminately to control all of the other individuals or groups of the same species and their properties can be called its "Controlling anything." In human beings, it includes presiding over anything, even over trifles, rising somehow, expanding any territory, monopolizing anything.
    By the way, in human beings, control, destruction, and so forth have a considerable degree or extent. For example, autocracy and genocide is the control and the destruction respectively with a large degree or extent. Newborns or babies could not cause such control or destruction. Writers used and will use the words of "try to -" in order not to give strange meaning to the word of control. In human newborns or babies, control and destruction are only caused in the manner of crying out.
    Switching between control, entrust, submission, non-submission, and resistance depending on situations is fit for animal genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist. However, switching between them is a considerably sophisticated function. In addition, each of them is a comparatively complicated function, too. In addition, controlling particular things is not an easy function. In contrast, trying to control anything is a simple and easy function. The newborns and babies of human being also try to get care and love by controlling their mothers, and it is a fit instinctive function for them to exist. As was explained above, they control their mothers by crying fiercely. Gradually thereafter, in the same way as the other infantile falling tendencies do, the tendency (of the primordial outline) of instinctive functions to control anything becomes the tendency (of outline) of (instinctive) egos to do so.
    In human beings, when a baby or infant is taken care of by its mothers with love, it does not need to control anything, it causes some other interpersonal functions like entrusting something to others or sometimes submitting itself to others, and its tendency to control anything starts to reduce. That is, though this is true of all infantile falling tendencies, above all, the tendency to control anything are reduced by the unnecessity for babies or infants to do so.
    In contrast, when their mothers care and love are not enough, infants go on controlling anything, and their tendencies to do so are not reduced but formed. Thus, the main external situation forming the tendency to control anything is mothers' thinness of love and care.
    The tendency to control anything is sometimes formed more and more in the postadolescent period. Those who have gained status, power, and money and are able to control others will try to gain them more and more and try to control anything more and more. Thus, the tendency to control anything can be formed in the baby and infant period and in the postadolescent period.
    However,

(1) Controlling anything whose tendency is formed both in the baby and infant period and in the postadolescent period
(2) Controlling anything whose tendency is formed mainly in the postadolescent period

can be distinguished. For the reason explained again and again, (1) often accompanies controlling anything, showing off the self, and so forth, and those who have these tendencies sometimes cause striking, destructive behaviors by controlling others. In addition, for the reason explained later, (1) sometimes accompanies the desire to make the self eternal, and those who have it sometimes try to acquire power or money, to control the people, and to do such great things as will remain in the history. Therefore it is (1) that is apt to lead to dictatorship, oppression, war, and so forth, and general citizens need to look out for (1) more than (2).
    In addition, those who have the large tendencies of (1) or (2), when they cannot get power or money in the society, sometimes become what is called lions at home and mice abroad, try to control home, and sometimes cause the enclosure of children and partners, domestic violence, and so forth.
    By the way, concerning such a tendency in the home, there is no difference between men and women. Also concerning the above tendency in the society, there will be no difference between men and women if they are given equal opportunity of social participation.　There can be various causes for the fact that tyrants or autocrats were occupied more by men than by women in the history, but its main cause is that the opportunity to acquire power and money and to hone the ability to acquire them was given exclusively to men.

NARCISSISM

    Also in the human beings in the baby and infant period, the vague images of the self are generated though they are not so clear as those in those in the postinfant and preadolescent period or later. Then, it is possible that their egos love and praise the self for themselves. Egos' loving and praising the self for themselves can be called "Narcissism."
    It is doubtful there is a kind of primordial outline of instinctive functions to be narcissistic. Simply, it is doubtful that other animals and human infants ever become narcissistic. Therefore it can be thought that narcissism is an outline of not instinctive but ordinary egos. In addition, it can be thought that the tendency of egos to be narcissistic are formed more or less whether mothers' love and praise are thin or thick.
    In the baby and infant period, when children are loved and praised by other persons including their mothers, they come to be satisfied with or weary of being loved and praised and loving and praising the self, to love and praise other persons or things, and the tendency of egos to be narcissistic go on being reduced. Otherwise, egos intend to love and praise the self for themselves, and the tendency to be narcissistic is not reduced, and the intense one is sometimes formed.
    It is doubtful that there is a kind of primordial outline of instinctive functions to be narcissistic and that infantile egos imitate and piggyback it. All the same, mothers' thinness of love and praise forms its tendency. Therefore, more or less, the tendency (of the outline of egos) to be narcissistic is formed together with the other infantile falling tendencies, above all, that to show off the self and that to be sticky.
    In addition, narcissism sometimes leads to playing alone and playing with images like daydreaming and later to isolation.
    In addition, in the postinfant and preadolescent period, narcissism enhances preadolescent falling tendencies like those of the gap between the self's images and the world's, the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later, and the desire to make the self eternal.
    On those grounds, narcissism is included in (infantile) falling functions, and the tendency to be narcissistic is included in (infantile) falling tendencies in these books.
    In and after the adolescent period, narcissism function as follows. Intense narcissism is unstable. Often when the real self are recognized, because egos are not accustomed to facing it, intense self-hatred is caused, and after all, intense narcissism alternates with intense self-hatred. In addition, because egos are not accustomed to loving and praising other persons, intense narcissism sometimes alternates with intense love and praise of other particular persons.

DESTRUCTIONS OF COMPLEX IMAGES

    In human beings, when something recollected as complex images cause displeasure feelings like anxiety, fear, self-hatred, shame, and so on, the comparatively mature egos in and after the postinfant and preadolescent period switch from its images to some other images that cause little pain. This can be called Escaping its Images. It is included in manipulations of images. However, in the human beings in the baby and infant period, the abilities of manipulations of images are immature, and so they cannot perform such a switch well. Therefore the egos of some of the babies or infants where some images cause severe pain destroy them wildly. For example, the images of mothers' battering cause anxiety and fear, and they destroy such images. Moreover, it is probable that they destroy even the self's images which are battered or neglected. Such destruction is different from the switch, dissolution, and so on which mature egos can perform and where images can be restored. As a result, some of the complex images, the self's images, recollections of images, associations, mental emotions, egos, and thinkings sometimes become what cannot be understand for general human beings and even for psychologists or psychiatrists. Wildly destroying images causing pain and the result caused by it can be called "Destruction of Images" or Destroying Images.
    The tendency to destroy images are usually formed by the extremes of mothers' thinness of love like battering and neglect.
    It is probable that some destructions of images develop into the "dissociation" in what is called dissociative disorder including multiple personalities where more than one distinct image of the self is generated and the "split" in what is called borderline personality disorder.

DAY DREAMS

    Even in the babies or infants where the abilities of voluntary movements are not formed yet, their egos can, though awkwardly, manipulate images. It is possible that they sometimes play alone by manipulating images. Their abilities to manipulate images or to think are gradually formed, and they come to be able to construct imaginary worlds in things appearing as images. Constructing imaginary worlds in things appearing as images while awake and those worlds can be called Having "Day Dreams" and Day Dreams respectively.
    The babies and infants who are not sufficiently loved or taken care of by their mothers or who are battered or ignored and who suffer physical and mental pain cannot help having day dreams.
    Of course, even adults sometimes have day dreams. All the same, in most adults, they can easily recognize that the contents of day dreams are not real things, and they can come back to the real world comparatively easily after they wake up from them. In contrast, infants cannot do those so easily.
    It is possible that having day dreams enhances the tendency to isolate oneself. Therefore the tendency to have day dreams is included in (infantile) falling tendencies in these books.
    However it is not that all day dreams are harmful. Some day dreams heighten the abilities of imagination and creation.

ISOLATION

    Going apart from their groups like herd, flock, home, society, and so on is not a fit instinctive function for animal newborns or babies to exist. All the same, when an individual is destroyed, attacked, or alienated in its group and when it has been grown to a degree, going apart from such a group is sometimes a fit instinctive function for it to exist than staying in it. Therefore it is possible that in some species of animals, there exist and function some genes causing the instinctive functions of isolating themselves from their groups, that is, "Genes for Isolation." All the same, it is certain that, also in such individuals, the genes causing the instinctive functions of sexual ones are usually active and even those isolatig themseves usually cause sexuals functions. That is, even those isolating themselves are not sexuallty isolated. Otherwise, "genes for isolation" could not exist.
    In human beings, it is possible that isolating oneself is a (primordial) outline of instinctive functions. However, it is an outline of ordinary egos in and after the latter half of the baby and infant period.
    In human beings, physical independence or isolation are much later than in the other animals, and children are physically protected to a degree through legal and social systems. In contrast, mental independence or isolation is particular almost only to human beings, and children are not as mentally protected as they are physically protected. Therefore egos' tendency to isolate themselves mentally which is particular to human beings is formed. For example, though babies or infants a little grown up can play alone, even if they cannot　physically play alone, they can mentally play with images in day dreaming.
    In human beings, when their mothers' love is thin, children isolate themselves mainly mentally and the tendency of egos to do so is formed in the baby and infant period. If there is some battering or neglect, they isolate themselves both physically and mentally, and the tendency to do so is formed.
    Isolation prompts the formation of preadolescent falling tendencies in the way which will be explained later. Therefore the tendency to isolate oneself is included in (infantile) falling tendencies in these books.

MOTHERS' FALLING TENDENCIES, THINNESS OF LOVE, AND ENCLOSURE OF CHILDREN AND CHILDREN'S IMITATION OF MOTHERS' FALLING FUNCTIONS

    Stickiness does seek love but hardly give it. Destroying anything accompanies little love but much hate. When we love somebody and when we cannot get his or her love, we sometimes destroy or control him or her. In showing off the self and narcissism, the love of the self is much intenser than that for others. Mainly on those grounds, when those who have intense falling tendencies become mothers, their love of children is often thin.
    In addition, those who have falling tendencies have various desires' dissatisfaction mainly because they are isolated and alienated. Then, if those who have intense falling tendencies become mothers, they often try to satisfy those unsatisfied mental emotions by enclosing their children. In such enclosure, the mental emotions which mothers try to satisfy are different from love, and as a result, their love of their children becomes thin.
    In addition, even for babies or infants, sometimes, enclosure is displeasure and prompt some infantile tendencies to destroy anything, control anything, to isolate themselves, and so forth.
    In addition, even babies or infants in the baby and infant period imitate familiar persons. Though it is hard for them to imitate the falling functions like escaping, patching up whose tendencies will be formed in and after the postinfant period, it is easy for them to imitate infantile falling functions of their seniors. Above all, mothers' are imitated. After all, children imitate seniors' falling functions from the baby period to the adolescent period, and they imitate those particular to each period.
    In addition, excluding narcissism, originally, infantile falling tendencies are formed by infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (primordial outlines of) instinctive functions.
    On those grounds, the causes of infantile falling tendencies are

(0) the tendencies (of primordial outlines) of the instinctive functions imitated and piggybacked,
(1) infantile egos' imitating and piggybacking (the primordial outlines of) instinctive functions,
(2) mothers' thinness of love and care for children,
(3) mothers' enclosure of children, and
(4) Children's imitation of the falling functions of their seniors including mothers.

Now, though (0) the tendencies of instinctive functions are formed mainly innately by genes, (1)(2)(3)(4) are acquiredly done. Therefore even infantile falling tendencies are not exclusively formed innately by genes. All the same, (1)'s influence cannot be ignored, and it is probable that in the babies or infants whose (0) are intense, infantile falling tendencies are intensely formed. Therefore they are formed not "completely" but "mainly" acquiredly.
    In addition, on those grounds, the possibility of children's having intense infantile falling tendencies are large when their mothers have them. This can be called a Vicious Circle "beyond Generations." All the same, this vicious circle, too, are formed not innately by genes but mainly acquiredly by external situations and infantile egos.
    However, (1)(2)(3)(4) are the causes of INFANTILE falling tendencies and not that of falling tendencies in general. Please read this book to the last.

GENERATION OF THE SELF'S IMAGES

The self was defined in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY." In human beings, the self is recollected as complex images consisting of the images of the past, present, and future bodies, emotions, recollections, associations, intentional functions, egos, thinkings, their abilities or tendencies, the ideas as their products, and so forth. Averagely in human beings, the self's images start to be generated and recollected in the beginning of the postinfant period, that is, around the age of 4 and are completed in the end of that period, that is, around the age of 12.

THE ANXIETY ABOUT THE SELF'S DYING SOONER OR LATER

In a while after the generation of the self's image, the temporal limitation of the self and the self's dying sooner or later are recognized, and this recognition come to cause the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later. After the self's images are generated, trying to reduce that anxiety become an aspect of our life. The decisive way to reduce that anxiety was explained in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY."

ATTEMPTS TO MAKE THE SELF ETERNAL

The anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later causes some egos, desires, and intentional functions to make the self eternal somehow. Such egos and desires can be called "Desires to Make the Self Eternal," and such egos and intentional functions can be called "Attempts to Make the Self Eternal."
Some attempts to make the self eternal overlap with love. That is because love involves other persons, is what is made together with others, and seems to transcend the self. In addition, some of them overlap with religion. That example will not need to be enumerated. In addition, some of them overlap with controlling anything, the desire for power, and so forth. For example, they overlap with the holders of powers' building their massive tombs.

EXPANSION OF GAPS BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE WORLD

    In images, there are some gaps between the images of the self and those of the things other than the self. Such gaps can be called the "Gap between the Self and the World." The self's images are composed at least of the images of things appearing to the self as mental phenomena and those of things in themselves and are contorted and vague. In contrast, the world' images are composed only of the images of things in themselves and are clearer. Therefore there cannot help being gaps between the self's images and the world's images, and there are such gaps in every human individual.
    When a baby or infant is little isolated, because such a gap is filled with its mothers, some other persons, pets, toys, and so forth, such a gap is narrow. In contrast, in the individuals who deeply isolated themselves in the baby and infant period, such gaps are expanded. While the falling tendencies which have been explained are mainly egos' tendencies, such expansion is the tendency of recollections of images. All the same, it is included in falling functions in these books.
    When the gap between the self and the world expands, the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later goes intense, and the tendencies of the desire and attempt to make the self eternal are intensely formed. This is because the ways to transcend that anxiety is usually to unify the self and the world and because it is hard to unify them when that gap is extended. This is also a vicious circle.

FALLING TENDENCIES INVOLVING THE SOCIETY

Moreover, the expansion of the gap between the self and the world, the intense tendencies of the desire and attempt to make the self eternal enhance the tendency to show off the self, to be narcissistic, to control anything, and to destroy anything. Furthermore, those tendencies, in a lump, sometimes lead to the following. Those who have some intense ones of those tendencies sometimes show off the self and try to be memorized in others' memories in order to make the self eternal. If they acquire large powers, some of them try to control the people and try to leave their glory. Moreover, when they have the intense tendency to destroy anything, some of them try to hold powers, to destroy liberal rights, social rights, political right, democratic systems, separations of powers, and the rule of law, to run wildly to autocracy, war, the research, development, and hold of totally destructive means, and so forth. Such tendencies can be called Tendencies (Falling into a Vicious Circle) "Involving the Society." They will be explained closely in "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY." In that book, they are called "Autocrat-type Falling Tendencies." Reducing such falling tendencies is also one of the ways to secure existence and liberty.

THE SELF'S GOING FAT

When children were isolated in the baby and infant period, the gap between the self and the word is expanded and thereafter in the postinfant and preadolescent period, sometimes filled with the images of the self. This is because the images of the things other than the self's are scarce because of isolation. As a result, the self's image simply goes larger. This can be called the "Self's Going Fat."
The self's going fat overlaps in a large part with the beautification of the self which will be explained below.

BEAUTIFICATION OF THE SELF

Not only egos' filling the gap between the self and the world with the self's images beautified but also egos' covering the self's images already generated with the self's images beautified can be called Beautification of the Self('s Image) or Beautifying the Self('s Image). Together with the narcissism formed in the baby and infant period the egos in the postinfant and preadolescent period intend to beautify the self's image. For example, they beautify the self as a pitiful but beautiful one who is not loved by and is alienated from their mother and general human beings. Such beautification also hinders egos from facing the self's functions and tendencies falling into a vicious circle. This is a vicious circle, too.

PREADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

Those are Preadolescent Functions and Tendencies Falling (into a Vicious circle). Those tendencies are formed by egos' coping with the expansion of the gap between the self and the world, which in turn is formed by the tendency to isolate themselves formed in the baby and infant period. Therefore, often, infantile and preadolescent falling tendencies exist together in the same individuals.
The following are adolescent falling functions and tendencies.

IMMATURITY OF ABILITIES OF INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

    When children are alienated and cannot help isolating themselves or when the tendency to isolate themselves is formed and when egos intentionally isolate themselves, egos rarely cause interpersonal functions as intentional functions, and the abilities of interpersonal functions as abilities of intentional functions are hardly formed and stay immature. The abilities of interpersonal functions can also be called Interpersonal Abilities. For example, for not only children but also adults, after they have cloistered themselves for months, interpersonal functions will not go well.
    From the beginning, often, because children were alienated, battered, or ignored before they isolate themselves, interpersonal anxiety had gotten intense. Moreover, the more children are isolated, the more intense interpersonal anxiety gets, the more egos cause interpersonal escapes, the less they cause general interpersonal functions, and the more firmly general interpersonal abilities stay immature.
    In addition, when falling tendencies are formed, egos cause falling interpersonal functions like being sticky and showing off the self. While the abilities of falling ones are formed, interpersonal abilities in general stay immature. For example, when a person always resorts to interpersonal functions like controlling and destroying anything, including the abilities of cooperative ones, interpersonal abilities stay immature.
    In addition, those who have intense falling tendencies and often cause falling interpersonal functions are often alienated and isolated, their abilities of interpersonal functions stay immature, and interpersonal anxiety is not reduced.
    Those are vicious circles, too. Above all, the tendency to escape and patch up interpersonal functions which will be explained later causes interpersonal abilities to stay immature.
    However, when falling tendencies are reduced, the interpersonal abilities are formed unexpectedly quickly. After all, falling tendencies are more serious than the immaturity of interpersonal abilities.

ESCAPING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

    As was explained in the above section, when falling tendencies are formed, when the abilities of interpersonal functions are immature, and when interpersonal anxiety is intense, if egos cause interpersonal functions, intense pain is caused. Therefore egos escape interpersonal relations, and the tendency to escape interpersonal relations is formed. Though that tendency is formed in the baby and infant period for the fist time, they still fluctuate. However, they are often formed intensely and fixed in the adolescent period.
    In addition, the egos in the adolescent period escape interpersonal functions not simply but complicatedly. For example 1, they escape deep interpersonal relations and only enter superficial ones. For example 2, they show off their destructive appearances which other persons are hard to come close to. Such interpersonal functions overlaps with patching up which will be explained later. In the adolescent period, such complicated escapes of interpersonal relations are caused, and such complicated tendency to escape them is formed. In addition, not only limited egos' outlines' tendency to escape them but also the abilities of intentional functions of interpersonal functions to escape them are formed. Simply, it is cunningly that adolescent and postadolescent egos escape interpersonal relations.
    Because egos escape interpersonal relations continuously and continually thus, the abilities of interpersonal functions stay immature more and more. This is a vicious circle, too.
    On those grounds, escaping interpersonal relations is included in falling functions, and the tendency to escape them is included in falling tendencies. In addition, the following, too, are included in falling functions and tendencies.

PATCHING UP THE IMMATURITY OF THE ABILITIES OF INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

The egos in and after the adolescent period not only escape interpersonal relations but also patch up the immaturity of their own interpersonal abilities. For example, they patch it up by showing off their status, power, money, appearance, and so forth. Though young men and women in the adolescent period do not have their own status, power, and money, they can show off their parents' and their own appearance. Appearance, looks, and the like are good means to patch up various things in the very adolescent period. Adults in the postadolescent period often patch up various things by showing of their own positions, powers, and money. Such patching up sometimes enhances the tendencies of showing off the self, to be narcissistic, and to beautify the self explained earlier, and vice versa.
Though such patching up is rarely seen through completely, it will somehow cause displeasure feelings to others. Also for this reason, those patching up are often alienated, and their abilities of interpersonal functions stay immature more and more.

PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES

    In addition, in the external situations of interpersonal relations, if the self's falling functions and tendencies are found by other persons, because it causes the pain like shame, egos hide and patch up them. That is, it is not only the immaturity of the abilities of interpersonal functions but also falling functions and tendencies in general that egos in and after the adolescent period patch up. Such intentional functions or egs can be called "Patching Up" Falling Tendencies or Egos and Intentional Functions or Functions Patching Up Falling Tendencies.
    For example 1, it causes the pain of shame to think that some other persons know that egos go on seeking mothers' love after the baby and infant period and go on being sticky and that a sticky tendency has been formed. Therefore egos in and after the adolescent period behave themselves seemingly lightly. For example 2, it causes the pain of shame to think that some other persons know that egos show off the self because they were not praised in the baby and infant period and that the tendency to show off the self have been formed. Therefore they behave themselves seemingly modestly. All the same, because those tendencies are alive, they are sticky and show off the self while patching up. This is found about all human beings. However, those who have the intense tendency to patch up are often looked upon as queer persons by others.
    While those are repeated, the tendency for (limited) egos(' outline) to patch up the self's falling functions and tendencies. Those can be called Tendency to Patch Up Falling Tendencies. In addition, while those are repeated, the ability (of the outline) of interpersonal functions to patch up falling tendencies is formed. Simply, patching up becomes cunning.
    When the tendency to patch up falling tendencies are large, functions patching up are almost always caused, interpersonal functions other than them are rarely caused, and egos' tendencies and interpersonal functions' abilities other than those to patch up are not formed. For example, even the tendency and ability to frankly talk with other persons are not formed.
    On those grounds, patching up falling tendencies is included in falling functions, and its tendency is included in falling tendencies.
    The interpersonal functions which patch up falling tendencies by causing interpersonal functions which are extremely opposite to falling interpersonal functions can be called an "Opposite Representation." For example, some persons who were disliked by others as sticky and sober sometimes behave themselves light-minded. Opposite representation often brings misunderstanding. That is because few people can see that it is opposite representation on the basis of falling tendencies.
    Thus the tendency to patching up falling tendencies are mainly formed in the adolescent period.

ESCAPING FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

    The above are egos' coping with the self's falling functions and tendencies in the external situations of interpersonal relations. In contrast, the following are egos' coping with the images of the self's falling functions and tendencies in the internal situations of recollections of images.
    When the self's falling functions and tendencies are recollected as images, those images cause intense mental pain like anxiety, self-hatred, shame, and the like. For example 1, when one of infantile falling functions or tendencies is recollected as images and when it is associated that, because of not being loved by my mother, egos sought her love forever and that the tendency of that infantile falling tendency was formed, they cause intense shame and self-hatred. For example 2, when some of preadolescent falling tendencies are recollected as images and when it is associated that the anxiety about the self's dying sooner or later horrified egos, that egos attempted to make the self eternal, and that egos are trying to do something glorious and historic, they cause intense shame and self-hatred and sometimes revives that anxiety. Therefore egos usually escape the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images by means of switching of images as was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES." Escaping the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images can be called Escaping Falling Tendencies(' Images), Escaping Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images), Escapes from Falling Tendencies(' Images), or Escapes from Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images).
    Because escaping falling tendencies recollected as images reduces such pain as was enumerated above temporarily, egos do so again and again, and tendency to do so are formed. The tendency to do so can be called the Tendency to Escape Falling Tendencies(' Images), Tendency Escaping Falling Tendencies(' Images), or the like.
    When the tendency to escape falling tendencies is large and when egos escapes falling functions and tendencies every time they are recollected as images, egos cannot face them, and the self's falling tendencies in general are not reduced. That is, the tendency to escape falling tendencies directly hinder egos from facing them and hinder falling tendencies from being reduced. Therefore escaping falling tendencies is included in falling functions, and the tendency to escape falling tendencies is included in falling tendencies. Far from that, they are the most vicious cycles and are the most vital of all falling functions and tendencies.
    When compared with the time of the formation of the tendency to patching up falling tendencies explained above, the time of the formation of the tendency to escape falling tendencies' images is indefinite. However, they are formed mainly in the adolescent period. Therefore it is included in adolescent falling tendencies in these books.

PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

In contrast to patching up the self's falling functions and tendencies in external situations of interpersonal relations explained earlier, there is such patching up the images of the self's falling functions and tendencies as follows in internal situations of recollections of images. In addition, in contrast to escaping them explained above, there is patching up them, which is a little more complicated than escaping. Because falling functions and tendencies, when they are recollected as images, cause intense pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and so forth, above all, adolescent egos which have got mature to a degree not only escape but also patch up the self's falling functions and tendencies recollected as images. This can be called Patching Up Falling Tendencies(' Images), Patching Up Falling Tendencies (Recollected as Images), or the like. In addition, the tendency to do so can be called the Tendency to Patch Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the like.
For example 1, the girls, boys, women, and men who have confidence in their looks sometimes cover the images of their falling functions and tendencies with those of the self having such looks. Not that excellent looks are harmful in general, but that they are so if they are made use of thus. For example 2, those who have status, power, or money often cover the images of their falling functions and tendencies with those of the self having such things.

ESCAPING AND PATCHING UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

The cause and effect of escaping falling tendencies' images and patching up them are the same. Therefore they can be called Escaping and Patching Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the like in a lump. In addition, the tendency to do so can be called the Tendency to Escape and Patch Up Falling Tendencies(' Images) or the like in a lump.
Again, they are the most vicious circle, and they are the most vital of all falling functions and tendencies.

ENHANCING THE SELF'S IMAGES AS THE PERSECUTED AND REACTION OR REVENGE

    Those who have intense falling tendencies are often alienated and isolated, and they sometimes attribute the causes of such alienation and isolation only to some other persons, general human beings, or the society.
    If they enhance the self's images as the persecuted and cover their falling functions and tendencies with them, such enhancement and cover is patching up falling tendencies' images explained above and included in falling functions.
    If the self's images as the persecuted are enhanced more intensely than to the degree enough to patch up their falling tendencies, such enhancement can lead to some reaction or revenge against the alleged persecutors. If such enhancement accompanies desperation, destruction, and so on explained earlier, they can be fierce.
    All the same, the following is more important than the above. All human beings have falling tendencies, and some have intense falling tendencies, but even out of those having intense ones, not all react and revenge themselves in the above way. Many of them head for not others but the self, harbor anxiety, self-hatred, shame, and so forth, and escape and patch up falling tendencies.

DESTROYING THE MIRROR

    As for the self's falling tendencies, when they are recollected as images, they come to cause some pain at latest by the ending part of the adolescent period. Moreover, as for some other persons', when they are recognized, they often cause some vague but similar pain. This is as if the self's falling tendencies were reflected on the half-mirror or magic mirror in front of those other persons. Then, those having intense falling tendencies sometimes hate and try to destroy some other persons having some falling tendencies similar to theirs. This can be called "Destroying the Mirror."
    Out of falling functions, showing off the self, destroying anything, and controlling anything often clash against one another also in practical interpersonal relations. Therefore destroying the mirror is often caused against those falling functions. Simply, attention seekers hate attention seekers.
    In addition, destroying the mirror is often caused against some of a child's family members. For the reasons which have been explained so far, the falling functions of a child sometimes resemble its mothers'. In addition, because its brothers and sisters have been brought up by the same mothers, its falling functions resemble its brothers and sisters'. In addition, because its mothers' spouse is sometimes included in its mothers by definition or plays role of its mothers more or less, its falling functions sometimes resemble its mothers' spouse's. After all, a child's falling functions sometimes resemble those of some of its mothers and brothers and sisters and its mothers' spouse. Above all, for a child, who has not deeply entered the outer society yet, the most intimate interpersonal relation is that with its family, and complicated emotions are often formed against its family. Therefore destroying the mirror is often caused against some of its family members.
    The disgust of their parents by boys and girls in the adolescent period is sometimes destroying the mirror. Though destroying the mirror overlaps with what is called rebellion, as long as falling tendencies continue, the tendency to destroy the mirror is not reduced after the adolescent period. It is in the adolescent period that destroying the mirror get clear for the first time.
    Destroying the mirror also hinders egos from facing the self's falling functions and tendencies. This is because the self's falling functions and tendencies do not appear to be its own properties at least while destroying the mirror. This is also a vicious circle. Therefore destroying the mirror is included in falling functions in these books.

EXCESSIVE REBELLIONS

When the enclosure and control by their parents are intense and continue in the adolescent period or later and when children or young men or women always try to rebel against them, sometimes, the functions other than rebellions are not caused, and the abilities of intentional functions and the tendencies of egos other than rebellious ones are not formed. For example, some young men or women get separated from their parents or married in order not to be independent but to be separated from their parents. The abilities and tendencies to live independently is not formed by such separation or marriage. Therefore excessive rebellions are included in falling functions in these books.

ADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

    Those are adolescent tendencies falling (into a vicious circle). They are formed by ego' coping with infantile and preadolescent falling functions and tendencies.
    The tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies' images are the most serious of all adolescent falling ones. Far from that, they are the most serious of all falling ones.
    As for the tendencies to destroy and control anything which are mainly formed in the baby and infant period, not small parts of them are formed or reinforced by the imitation in the adolescent period. The imitation, above all, in violent groups is serious.
    The following are the postadolescent falling functions and tendencies.

POSTADOLESCENT FALLING FUNCTIONS AND TENDENCIES

They are not so important. That is, no important ones emerge in the postadolescent period. However, falling functions, above all, adolescent ones like escaping and patching up falling tendencies' images go complicated and cunning in general. Therefore it gets harder and harder for both other persons and the self to find them out.

ATTRIBUTING THE CAUSE OF THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES TO OTHER PERSONS

As was explained earlier, there are mothers' falling tendencies, thinness of love, enclosure, and children's imitation of their seniors as the major external situation forming falling tendencies. All the same, they are no more than external situations. At the ending part of this book, it will be clear that the main cause forming the self's falling tendencies is not such external ones.
Anyway, it would goes without saying that it is of no use and is a kind of falling function that we think that the major cause forming the self's falling tendencies are other persons and that we blame them forever.

FACING THE SELF'S FALLING TENDENCIES

THE FUNCTIONAL IMAGES OF FALLING FUNCTIONS' CAUSING PAIN

An ego consists of a rational system and an emotional system. In the rational system, from the recognition of the situation, some equally possible and necessary intentional functions are recollected as functional images and cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to emotion neuronal ways. Immediately thereafter, in the emotional system, the excitements and transmissions of those image to emotion neuronal ways cause some pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, out of them, those which have the most intense pleasure cause some functional impulses, the most intense of them cause a (limited) ego. After all, the ego causes the intentional function corresponding the functional image which indirectly caused the most intense functional impulse. Metaphorically, the rational system proposes various intentional functions which are equally possible and necessary in the situation as functional images, and the emotional system decides which of them to adopt and carry out with pleasure and displeasure autonomic sensations and functional impulses. Thus, it is not rational systems but emotional systems that are decisive in egos.
This is true, of course, concerning the egos in tendencies falling (into a vicious circle). Even if falling functions are recollected as functional images, when they do not cause pleasure autonomic sensations or when they cause displeasure autonomic sensations, that is, the mental pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and boredom, falling (intentional) functions are not caused, and falling tendencies are reduced. However, it is true as far as the pain caused by the functional images of falling functions. It is not at all that we can cause whatever pain there is at hand. Again, it is the pain caused by the functional images of falling functions that need to be caused in order to reduce falling tendencies.

FACING FORMATION PROCESSES, VICIOUS CIRCLES, AND CONTINUOUS OR CONTINUAL PAIN OF FALLING TENDENCIES

    In order for the functional images of falling functions to cause pain, initially, it is necessary that the formation processes, various vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of falling tendencies are recollected through associations from the functional images and that they cause the pain similar to boredom. That is, initially, it is not directly but considerably indirectly that functional images cause pain. While it is repeated, functional images come to cause pain less indirectly or directly.
    In addition, falling tendencies include not only egos' tendencies but also a few tendencies of emotions and recollections of images. All the same, when the former are reduced, the latter are reduced, too.
    However, from the beginning, the falling tendencies, including their formation processes, vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain and those of the self, other persons, and general human beings, have caused such pain as anxiety, hatred, self-hatred, and shame. For this very reason, we have escaped and patched up (the images of) falling tendencies. Therefore knowing falling tendencies is nothing but facing or confronting them. Though we need to face falling tendencies, it also accompanies some pain, and we tend to evade it. Then, we need to face the formation processes, vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of the falling tendencies as straight as possible and to avoid unnecessary pain.

CONFIRMING THAT FALLING TENDENCIES HAVE BEEN FORMED MAINLY ACQUIREDLY SINCE THE BABY PERIOD

    Innately by genes or acquiredly by functional or organic disorders of nervous systems, the tendencies of emotions and egos' emotional systems in general can be increased or decreased, and the abilities or tendencies of memories, perceptions, associations, thinkings, and the rational system of egos in general can be increased or decreased. For example 1, in the depressive episode of recurrent depressive disorder, the tendencies of emotions and egos' rational systems in general are decreased. For example 2, in organic brain disorder, memories, thinkings, and so forth and the rational systems of egos in general go irrational. If the tendencies of egos are increased or decreased innately by genes or acquiredly by disorders, all or most of the tendencies (of the outlines) of limited egos are increased or decreased, and it does not happen that only the tendencies (of outlines) of (limited) egos falling (into a vicious circle) are increased or decreased. In a limiting function of a limiting ego, though a lot of limited egos arise, a limited ego whose (outline's) tendency is the largest is caused. Here what matters is not how large or small in general the tendencies of (limited) egos are but which tendencies (of outlines) are comparatively large or small in each individual. That is, what matters is their difference in each individual.
    As was explained earlier, infantile egos of newborns or babies as they are imitate and piggyback (the primordial outlines of) instinctive functions like short-circuiting, being sticky, and showing off the self. The tendencies of instinctive functions including them are formed mainly innately. Therefore, in the newborns or babies whose tendencies (of the primordial outiines) of those instinctive functions are intense, it is probable that intense infantile falling tendencies are formed. Even if that is true, all the same, falling tendencies including infantile ones are formed MAINLY acquiredly.
    Even if the falling functions of parents and children and brothers and sisters including identical twins resemble one another, most of that resemblance is formed not innately by genes but acquiredly by being in the same or similar situations.
    In addition, it goes without saying that falling tendencies cannot be reduced by pharmacotherapy or gene therapy.
    Many human beings have been giving up the reformation of the self's properties including falling tendencies with saying to themselves, "It cannot be helped because it was inherited." By confirming the above, as far as falling tendencies are concerned, such resignation would be removed.
    By confirming the above, we can concentrate on the situations and the egos taking place from the baby and infant period to the present as what forms falling tendencies.

THE USELESSNESS OF OTHER PERSONS' MENTAL FUNCTIONS TO THE SELF

To be sure, falling interpersonal functions often incur other persons' mental functions like criticism, reprimand, disgust, anger, sneer, alienation, and neglect. The falling interpersonal functions of the self and those mental functions of other persons responding to the self's are together memorized, stored, and often together recollected as images. While there is not much experience of facing falling tendencies, those images cause the feeling of being oppressed and rebellions, and they hinder egos from facing falling tendencies. As that experience of facing is half way, they often cause the pain like self-hatred, shame or dishonor, and the feeling of guilty. However, from the beginning, those mental functions of other persons tend to make the whole of the self a target, and not to hit the target of the self's falling tendencies. Therefore, while there is that kind of pain, it is hard to concentrate the target on falling tendencies, and, after all, that kind of pain hinders us from facing falling tendencies. So do the self-hatred, shame or dishonor, and feeling of guilty by traditional ethics, religions, and so forth.

USELESSNESS OF THE SELF'S MENTAL FUNCTIONS TO OTHER PERSONS

To be sure, there are mothers' thinness of love and enclosure, children's imitation of their seniors, battering, neglect, and alienation at home, bullying, neglect, and alienation at school, and so forth as an external and indirect situations forming the self's falling tendencies. However, they are no more than the major factor out of the external and indirect factors of falling tendencies. As will be made clear later, the major cause of falling tendencies is not such external and indirect one.
If intense hatred of others, and the destruction of mirrors, excessive rebellion, attributing the cause of the self's falling tendencies to other persons which were explained earlier, and so forth are caused concerning those external and indirect factors, they hinder egos from facing the self's falling tendencies.

FORMING THE TENDENCY OF THE FEELING OF BOREDOM BY FACING THE FORMATION PROCESSES, VICIOUS CIRCLES, AND CONTINUOUS OR CONTINUAL PAIN OF FALLING TENDENCIES

    When egos face such formation processes, various vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of falling tendencies as have been explained and will be explained in this book, we will come to have the pain similar to boredom. For simplicity, it is called mere "Boredom" in this chapter. Anxiety, self-hatred, shames or dishonor, the feeling of guilty, and so forth has been making egos escape and patch up their objects including falling tendencies. In contrast, boredom does not make egos escape and patch up its objects including falling tendencies. This is the greatest merit of boredom as far as reducing falling tendencies is concerned. Forming boredom by facing the formation processes, various vicious circles, and continuous or continual pain of falling tendencies is the decisive way to reduce falling tendencies.
    Of course, the formation processes, vicious circles, and pain of falling tendencies vary between individuals. This book have only explained those which the writers think are general. Nonetheless, the writers think that this book is useful as reference for each of us to face them.
    When we face them, some regret will be caused together with boredom. All the same, regret will reinforce boredom.

FACING FALLING TENDENCIES ON SITE IN THE MIDST OF EGOS

However, it is probable that facing them, above all, facing their formation processes and vicious circles end up in a mere knowledge or theory. In order to prevent it, egos need to face them on site in the midst of egos. As was explained in "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES," each ego have a multilayer structure, and it is possible that smaller egos manipulate the functional images recollected in a larger ego and think of and face falling tendencies. This is facing them on site in the midst of egos. For example, in a larger ego in an external situation of an interpersonal relation, when the interpersonal function of being sticky or showing off the self are recollected as a functional image, a smaller ego can manipulate that functional image and thinking of and face the falling tendencies concerning it.

FACING TENDENCIES TO ESCAPE AND PATCH UP FALLING TENDENCIES' IMAGES

Nonetheless, falling tendencies are persistent and are not easily reduced. Why? That is because the tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies(' images) hinders egos from facing falling tendencies, above all, the very falling tendecy to escape and patch up falling tendencies. That is, the main cause of falling tendencies is not mothers' falling tendencies, thinness of love, or enclosure, or children's imitation of their seniors but the self's tendency to escape and patch up falling tendencies. It is none other than egos in and after the adolescent period that have been escaping and patching up them. That is, the present egos are also escaping and patching up them. First, egos need to face the present tendency to escape and patch up them. It is possible in such a way as was explained in the above section.
All the same, it is hard for egos to face that tendency straightly without preparation. Egos also need to face the formation process of that tendency and its vicious circles which took place in the adolescent period. However, the self and egos in the adolescent period are much closer to those at present than those in the baby and infant or preadolescent period. It is much easier for us to face the formation processes and vicious circles of the adolescent period in the adolescent period than to face those in the baby and infant or preadolescent period. Simply, they would be recollected as if they had taken place yesterday.

References

SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES

EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES

EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY