EX@EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES

EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES
―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS

BASIC WORDS

    This "EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS" can be called "This Book." Some parts of this book is written on the basis of "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES." Therefore, if possible, please read this book after you read that book. All the same, we will try to write this book so that you can read it without reading that book. "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," this book, and "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS" can be called "These Books." These books can also be looked upon as chapters composing a book. Therefore these books can be called "A TRILOGY ON PSYCHOLOGY," too, as a book. These books, "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY," "DETAILS OF EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY," "SEPARATING OF EACH STATE POWER INTO THE TWO SYSTEMS OF THAT OF THE RULE OF LAW PROTECTING LIBERAL RIGHTS AND THAT OF THE HUMAN RULE SECURING SOCIAL RIGHTS," and "PARTICULAR THINGS AND GENERAL THINGS" can be called "These Books," too.
    In this book, the words of material things, living things, bodies, animals, human beings, nervous systems, neuronal groups, functions, living functions, bodily functions, animal functions, human functions, nervous functions, neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions, their existing and functioning, things appearing as mental phenomena, things appearing as images, images, images' sources, sensations, memories, recollections of images, perceptions, associations, recognitions, and so on designate the same things as in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES." Anyway, nervous systems are included in bodies, they are included in living things, they are included in material things, nervous functions are included in bodily functions, they are included in living functions, and they are included in (material) functions. Nervous functions include sensations, memories, recollections of images, perceptions, associations, recognitions, and so on.
    In "EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY" and "DETAILS OF EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY," because the species of animals and human beings are important, the words of animals and human beings usually designate their species. In contrast, in these books, because their individuals are important, those words usually designate their individuals.

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS, PURE MENTAL FUNCTIONS, SYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS, AND AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

    Unitary voluntary movements and complex voluntary movements which will be explained below can be called "Voluntary Movements."
    The movements of some parts of a body which are caused by some neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions and striated muscle groups' excitements and contractions from the motor area on frontal lobe of cerebrum to spinal cord and motor nerves or to cranial nerves to striated muscles and which are inseparable can be called "Unitary Voluntary Movements." Unitary voluntary movements include bending and stretching of joints; upward, downward, rightward and leftward movements and bending and stretching of tongues; opening and closing and tensing and relaxing of vocal cords; upward, downward, rightward, and leftward movements and whirl of eyeballs; tensing and relaxing of parts of faces.
    A movement which consists of more than one unitary voluntary movement can be called a "Complex Voluntary Movement." For example, a human being's walking upright on two legs is a complex voluntary movement consisting of more than one unitary voluntary movement like bending forward of left shoulder joint, bending backward of right shoulder one, bending backward of left hip one, bending forward of right hip one, and so on. Vertebrates' complex voluntary movements include walking, running, swimming, flying, uttering cries. Human beings' complex voluntary movements include walking upright on two legs, running alike, swimming the crawl, the butterfly, and so on. By the way, human beings' speaking words is included in synthetic functions which will be explained later. That is because we are speaking them while perceiving the words spoken by ourselves, confirming whether or not they are correct, and thinking of their contents. Writing words and operating typewriters, computers, and other machines are included in synthetic functions, too.
    Voluntary movements are included in intentional functions which will be explained later.

PURE MENTAL FUNCTIONS

The functions involving some sensations or some recollections of images and involving no voluntary movements can be called "Pure Mental Functions." Pure mental functions include sensations, recollections of images, perceptions, associations, pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives, feelings, desires, egos, and thinkings.
Recollections of images, perceptions, associations, feelings, egos, thinkings, and so on contain some recollections of images. Sensations, pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives contain no recollections of images.

SYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS

Functions involving some pure mental functions and some voluntary movements can be called "Synthetic Functions." Human beings' synthetic functions include speaking words, writing words, talking with other human beings, playing, studying, working, and interpersonal functions. For example, a human being's speaking words is to perceive the words spoken by himself or herself, to confirm whether or not they are correct, to think of their contents, and to move their mouse, tongue, larynx, and so on, and it involves at least perceptions, thinkings, and voluntary movements. Therefore it is a synthetic function.
When we look through human functions in such a way, most of those which we see and hear in our daily lives are synthetic functions.

INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

Synthetic functions related with some other human beings such as talking with, playing with, studying with, working with, keeping company with, breaking up with, fighting with, and being conciliated with them and escaping them, and so on can be called "Interpersonal Functions." They are the most important of all human functions for human beings to exist. For this very reason, there are interpersonal anxiety, expectation, desire, escape, confrontation, and so on, and they are vital. Every human being has every one of them more or less.
Facing, confronting, or confrontation on the one hand and escape or escaping on the other hand will be explained in "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS." Interpersonal functions include interpersonal confrontation and interpersonal escape. Simply, keeping company with people even with interpersonal anxiety is interpersonal confrontation. In contrast, escaping people because of interpersonal anxiety is interpersonal escape. Fighting with people is not in the least the same as interpersonal confrontation. Please do not forget that. Fighting with people is often an interpersonal escape rather than interpersonal confrontation. Being reconciled is often an interpersonal confrontation. There are simple and complicated interpersonal escape. For example, not going to school or office because of interpersonal anxiety is simple interpersonal escape. Talking only superficial things or pretending to be unapproachable are a complicated interpersonal escape.

MENTAL FUNCTIONS

Pure mental functions and synthetic functions can be called "Mental Functions."

AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS

    The bodily functions which do not involve any sensations other than autonomic sensations, any recollections of images, or any voluntary movements can be called "Autonomic Functions."
    Autonomic functions include the contraction and expansion of hearts, blood vessels, and lungs; digestive organs' movement, digestion, and absorption; endocrine; exocrine; immunity; discharges (excluding evacuation from rectum and urination from bladder). By the way, at least in human beings and higher mammals, evacuation from rectum or urination from bladder is not a complete autonomic function. That is because they can be put off to a degree. They can be called "Semi-autonomic functions."
    According to the definition of autonomic functions in this section, the recognition, memorization, storage, and so on of images which were explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES" are included in autonomic functions. All the same, it is better that they are looked upon as the precursor or the latent part of recollections of images. Therefore they are not included in autonomic functions and are called the Latent Functions of Recollections of Images or Memories in these books.

INSTINCTIVE FUNCTIONS

Moreover, there are functions which are hard to classify into any of them. There are functions which cannot help thinking are instinctively caused in seeming voluntary movements or synthetic functions. For example, human adults' sucking nipples is a voluntary movement or synthetic function. An adult, if ever, is sucking nipples by perceiving and recognizing them and thinking, "I will try to suck them with going back to being a baby" or the like. In contrast, it is hard to think that a newborn perceive and recognize nipples and think, "I will suck them because they eject milk" or the like in such a way as an adult do. Also in a human newborn, the ability to suck nipples is formed innately by genes, and doing so is caused without such perceptions, recognitions, or thinkings as human adults have. Such functions can be called "(Innate and) Instinctive Functions."
Instinctive functions include the short-circuit, desperation, stickiness, showing off the self, controlling anything, and destroying anything in a human newborn, which will be explained in "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS." At least the newborns of mammals have those instinctive functions more or less.

SITUATIONS

The word of the "situation" for a material thing or function were defined in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES." This section will complement the definition. With the word, we usually imagine that for an individual, that is, what are outside the individual's body, that is, some other human beings, some other animals, and some parts of the nature. All the same, as far as a part of an individual's body or one of its functions is concerned, a part of its situation is within the individual's body, and the other part is out of it. For example 1, when an individual has interpersonal anxiety and when he or she thinks how to escape an interpersonal relation, the main situation of such thinking is that anxiety, and it is within the individual' body. For example 2, if that anxiety is enhanced by certain persons, they are a part of the situation for that anxiety, and it is out of the individual's body. As far as the situation for a part of an individual's body or one of its functions is concerned, the part of the situation within the individual's body can be called the "Internal Situation" or Bodily Situation, and the part of the situation out of the individual can be called the "External Situation." In the above first example, that anxiety is an internal situation for that thinking, and in the second example, those persons are an external situation for that anxiety.
In biology, psychology, and medicine, because what often matters is a part of an individual's body or its functions, the distinction between internal and external situations matters more than in other sciences. Nonetheless, in general, the word of situations designate external ones. Such a usage of the word are sometimes done also in these books.

OBJECTS AND MEANS

Most functions have objects, means, and situations as properties or attributes. For example, concerning interpersonal functions, general human beings are their objects, spoken words, written words, telephones, mails, and so on are their means, offices, schools, and so on are their external situations, and interpersonal anxiety, desire, and so on are their internal situations.

EMOTIONS

The functions whose main part is pleasure or displeasure sensations can be called "Emotions." Emotions consist of pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives, feelings, desires, and complex emotions which will be explained in this chapter.

PLEASURE OR DISPLEASURE SENSATIONS

    As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," the things appearing on sensations which have pleasure or displeasure as properties or attributes can be called Things Appearing on Pleasure or Displeasure Sensations. In addition, the nervous functions which are premised to cause them can be called Pleasure or Displeasure Sensations. For example, smells, dizziness, tastes, pain, hotness, coldness, palpitation, dyspnea, and nausea are the properties of pleasure or displeasure. Things appearing on olfactory sensations, things appearing on balancing sensations, things appearing on taste sensations, things appearing on somatic sensations, and things appearing on autonomic sensations have such properties of pleasure or displeasure and are things appearing on pleasure or displeasure sensations. In addition, olfactory sensations, balancing sensations, taste sensations, somatic sensations, and autonomic sensations are pleasure or displeasure sensations. In things appearing on a pleasure or displeasure sensation, a spatial and temporal part where pleasure is comparatively dominant can be called a "Thing Appearing on a Pleasure Sensation," and a spatial and temporal part where displeasure is comparatively dominant can be called a "Thing Appearing on a Displeasure Sensation."
    The pain, itch, hotness, and coldness in the skins, bones, striated muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints are included in things appearing on a pleasure or displeasure somatic sensation. Those in mucous membranes and palpitation, dyspnea, nausea, hunger, and thirst are included in things appearing on pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations.
    Excluding visual sensations and auditory sensations, sensations are pleasure or displeasure sensations. Visual sensations and auditory sensations are not pleasure or displeasure sensations. For example, the pain of the eyes or that of the ears is a thing appearing on somatic sensations or autonomic sensations or a metaphor for mental pain.
    Directly and indirectly, most pleasure or displeasure sensations cause not only pure mental functions like memories, recollections of images, perceptions, associations, and so on but also various autonomic functions spreading over the nervous system, above all, the autonomic nervous one, the endocrine one, the immune one, and so on. For example, the pain on the skins causes not only the perception of that pain but also palpitation, sweating, and so on indirectly through the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine one. In addition, even in human newborns, pleasure or displeasure sensations cause instinctive functions like crying.

DRIVES

    A bodily function which has the following properties can be called a "Drive."

(d1) It contains some pleasure or displeasure sensations.
(d2) When the function peculiar to it is not caused, some displeasure sensations peculiar to it are caused.
(d3) When the function peculiar to it is caused to a degree, the displeasure sensations explained in (d2) are reduced, and some pleasure sensations peculiar to it are caused.
(d4) When the function peculiar to it is caused excessively, some displeasure sensations peculiar to it are sometimes caused.
(d5) The above are sometimes repeated even in a day. In addition, the above sometimes fluctuate depending on the season.

    First, it is clear that hunger and thirst are included in drives, and the former can be called an "Eating Drives," and the latter can be called a "Water Drinking Drive." Second, though not so clear as they are, sexual urges are included in drives, and can be called "Sexual Drives." Third, there may be some gathering drives, controlling drives, defending drives, drives nursing children, and so on.
    In (d1)-(d5), (d2) can be called a drive's "Dissatisfaction" or Being Dissatisfied, (d3) a drive's "Satisfaction" or Being Satisfied, and (d4) a drive's "Satiation" or Being Satiated.
    Pleasure or displeasure sensations and drives are functions which have been generated in evolution, and they have already, and to a degree, become suitable functions for animal genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist. For example, the pain on skins which are included in pleasure or displeasure somatic sensations prevent injuries from reaching vital organs deeper than skins. Palpitation and dyspnea which are included in the pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations prevent us from overworking. Eating and water drinking drives prevent malnutrition and dehydration. Sexual drives, above all, is decisive functions for the existence of the genes and the species of most animals.

THE DIGEST OF "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES"

    As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," sights, sounds, smells, dizziness, taste, pain, hotness, coldness, palpitation, dyspnea, nausea, images, ideas, and so on can be called "Things Appearing (as Mental Phenomena)."
    Things appearing as mental phenomena are divided into two groups of things appearing on sensations and images or things appearing as images. Things appearing on sensations are divided into things appearing on visual sensations, things appearing on auditory sensations, and so forth.
    Simply, things occurring to me and things remembered, expected, imagined, thought, and so on are images. Out of images, those which are inseparable any more can be called "Individual Images" or Things appearing as individual images.
    More than one individual image which appears spatially and temporally closer to one another than to the other individual images or things appearing on sensations can be called a "Complex Image," a Thing Appearing as a Complex Image, an Image, or a Thing Appearing as an Image. Ways, functions, general things, abstract things do not appear as individual images but appear as complex images. Therefore the word "images" usually designate complex images in these books.
    Strictly, things appearing as images, things appearing on perceptions, and things appearing on associations are distinguished. Nonetheless, it is complex images that are significant in these books. In addition, when they are always distinguished, sentences will be complicated. Therefore things appearing on perceptions and things appearing on associations are included in things appearing as complex images, and they are called Complex Images, Things Appearing as Complex Images, Images, or Things Appearing as Images in these books.
    The things in themselves which are premised to cause things appearing as mental phenomena by making themselves sources can be called their "Sources," and in particular, those which are premised to cause images by making themselves sources can be called the Image's Sources. All the same, when images and images' sources are always distinguished, sentences will be complicated. Therefore images' sources are sometimes called images in these books. That is, the word "images" can designates not only images but also their sources in these books.
    The nervous function which is premised to cause some images can be called the "Recollection" of the Images(' Sources), the Recollection, the Images' (sources') Being Recollected, or the things' Being Recollected as Images. Though, in our daily lives, the word "recollection" often means remembering some past events, the word designate not only remembering some past things but also thinking of some present things, expecting some future things, imagining some unreal things, dreaming, and so on in these books.
    Some properties which some parts of some sensations' sources have are recognized, the parts are cut, and an individual image's source is generated and thereafter memorized and stored. At once, more than one individual image's source is generated, memorized and stored while going through a neuronal group diverging and while classified on the basis of similarity. Each individual image's source generated in such a way is memorized and stored in a unitary neuronal group in the diverging neuronal group.
    There are a lot of neuronal ways among such unitary neuronal groups memorizing and storing individual images' sources. Such neuronal ways among them can be called "Neuronal Ways among Individual Images' Sources" or "Image to Image Neuronal Ways." When they need to be contrasted with image to emotion neuronal ways, image to function neuronal ways, or function to function neuronal ways, which will be explained later in this book, the word of image to image neuronal ways will be used. By their excitements and transmissions, those individual images' sources can arise and can be recollected spatially and temporally close, and can compose complex images(' sources), and complex images(' sources) can be recollected.
    Neuronal ways among individual images' sources (image to image neuronal ways) are distinguished into two group of (1) neuronal ways which make images recollected on the basis of similarity and (2) neuronal ways which make images recollected on the basis of temporal closeness. (1) are in the memorial neuronal group diverging one after another and make it possible for individual images' sources to arise on the basis of similarity. Above all, general things can be recollected as complex images mainly by (1). For example, when we encounter an alligator, the complex images of general alligator are recollected mainly by (1) and instantly it is perceived and recognized as an alligator, and its danger is associated. We instantly escape it without examining whether or not that particular alligator is dangerous. If we had examined whether or not particular alligator, tigers, lions, and so on were dangerous, we could not have existed. (2) are among neuronal groups memorizing and storing individual images' sources widely beyond each kind of memory. When things are sensed, perceived, recognized, and generated as individual images temporally close, the neuronal ways (2) among those individual images' sources are activated. When these are repeated, those activities are retained. Next time some of those individual images' sources excite and transmit, those activated neuronal ways excite and transmit, and the other individual images excite and transmit. After all, the individual images' sources generated temporally close arise and are recollected spatially and temporally close, and they compose a complex images on the basis of temporal closeness. Some of the things caused temporally close are cause and effect. Cause and effect is recollected as a complex image and associated mainly by (2). In the above example, it was known in general that alligators are dangerous. In contrast, for example, dogs and cats are not dangerous in general. If a child was bitten by a dog and suffered considerable pain, in his or her neuronal system, the neuronal ways between the images of dogs and those of being bitten and suffering pain are activated on the basis of temporal closeness, and he or she comes to fear dogs. Recollections of complex images, perceptions, and associations are caused in such two ways on the basis of similarity and on that of temporal closeness.
    The activities of (1)(2) occupy considerable part of the abilities or tendencies of recollections of images, perceptions, associations, egos, thinkings, and so on. All the same, (1) are activated mainly innately and cause little difference of their abilities or tendencies between individuals. In contrast, (2) are activated acquiredly in the above way, make some difference of their abilities or tendencies between individuals. Therefore (2) matters to us more than (1).
    Because the neuronal group from those memorizing and storing individual images' sources to the replay converges and because the sources which excite and transmit the earliest, the most continuously, at the highest density, the most widely, and the closest to the center reach the replay while making the others disappear, at once, a limited number (N) or less of complex images are recollected. However, that limited number (N) fluctuate depending on its situation. For example, when a complex image is recollected very intensely, the number (N) get smaller. Therefore recollections of images are limiting functions.

AUTONOMIC SENSATIONS

    The sensations involving some autonomic nerves can be called "Autonomic Sensations." Abdominal pain, headache, palpitation, dyspnea, nausea, hunger, thirst, and so forth are things appearing on autonomic sensations. Autonomic sensations cannot be looked upon a unitary function like a visual sensation and an auditory sensation. For example, the heterogeneous things like palpitation, dyspnea, nausea, hunger, and thirst cannot be looked upon as caused by a unitary function. Therefore, even in an individual, it is appropriate to use plural forms like things appearing on autonomic "sensations," and autonomic "sensations." Autonomic nerves are distributed histologically to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, mucous membranes, and so on and anatomically to hearts, blood vessels, lungs, digestive tracts, and so on. Therefore autonomic sensations transmit the internal situations of the contraction and expansion of hearts, blood vessels, and lungs, the movement of digestive tract, the inflammation of mucous membranes, osmotic pressure, the concentration of oxygen and glucose in blood, and so on. They appear on autonomic sensations as palpitation, dyspnea, hunger, thirst, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, and so on.
    As was explained earlier, most pleasure or displeasure sensations cause not only some memories, recollections of images, perceptions, associations, and so on but also various autonomic functions spreading over the nervous system, above all, autonomic nervous one, endocrine one, immune one, and so on. For example, the pain on the skin included in pleasure or displeasure somatic sensations causes the increase of heart rate and blood pressure through the autonomic nervous system, the activation of immune cells in the immune system, and so forth.
    Moreover, some of the autonomic functions caused by pleasure or displeasure sensations are sensed on autonomic sensations as palpitation, dyspnea, nausea, and so on. That is, most pleasure or displeasure sensations involve or cause some autonomic sensations.
    Moreover, most autonomic sensations cause some other autonomic sensations. For example, dyspnea, nausea, abdominal pain, and headache cause palpitation.
    After all, because all emotions contains some pleasure or displeasure sensations and because most pleasure or displeasure sensations involve or cause autonomic sensations, most emotions involve or cause some autonomic sensations. Please do not forget this.

FUNCTIONS OF PLEASURE OR DISPLEASURE AUTONOMIC SENSATIONS

That there are some displeasure sensations and drives' dissatisfactions is that the existence of genes, individuals, groups, or species is in danger. For example, that there is some pain on the skins is that the injuries can reach their deeper organs. In such a case, autonomic functions prepare individuals to cause the functions to prevent danger like counterattacking, running away, hiding, and so forth. For example, they increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate and prepare for supplying oxygen which will be consumed by voluntary movements. Those autonomic functions are sensed as displeasure on autonomic sensations, and displeasure autonomic sensations are caused as if they were warning animals of danger. For example, intense palpitation and dyspnea are caused. In such a way, in general, displeasure sensations and drives' dissatisfaction cause displeasure autonomic sensations.
    However, if the functions preventing danger and the autonomic functions preparing for those functions were always caused, animals including human beings would be exhausted and could not exist. In the absence of displeasure sensations or drives' dissatisfactions, autonomic functions prepare animals to rest or sleep and recover from fatigue. For example, they decrease heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate and prompt digestive organs' movements, digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. Those autonomic functions are sensed as pleasure on autonomic sensations, and pleasure autonomic sensations are caused as if they were canceling warning and recommending to rest. For example, faint palpitation, smooth respiration, and moderate hunger are caused. In such a way, the absence of displeasure sensations or drives' dissatisfactions can cause pleasure autonomic sensations.
    In addition, even the reduction of displeasure sensations can cause pleasure autonomic sensations. For example, though only in human beings, when fierce pain is reduced, we feel palpitation and dyspnea reducing.
    Moreover, displeasure autonomic sensations can cause displeasure ones. For example, palpitation and dyspnea cause more intense palpitation and dyspnea and nausea. It is as if they were warning animals of danger doubly.

FROM RECOGNITIONS TO INSTINCTIVE FUNCTIONS

As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES," there are some neuronal groups recognizing some properties which a sensation's source has, and with them, a memorial neuronal group generating and memorizing and storing images' sources begins. Phylogenetically and ontogeneticall, however, the genesis of those memorial neuronal groups are considerably late after the genesis of the following. There are some neuronal ways from those neuronal groups causing recognitions to those causing such instinctive functions as deal with food, fresh water, sexual objects, natural enemies, means of symbiosis, and the like. Those neuronal ways make it possible for recognitions to cause those instinctive functions. For example, a natural enemy is recognized, and that recognition cause instinctive functions like instantly running away, hiding, or the like. In addition, those neuronal ways reach the neuronal groups involved in some pleasure or displeasure sensations and drives. Those neuronal ways make it possible for recognitions to cause those sensations and drives. For example, a sexual object is recognized, and that recognition causes sexual drives. It is probable that the image to emotion neuronal ways which will be explained in the following section are evolved from those neuronal ways which was explained in this section.

IMAGE TO EMOTION NEURONAL WAYS

There are some neuronal ways from the neuronal groups which images' sources go through to the neuronal groups causing autonomic sensations. When a thing is recognized, recollected, memorized, and stored as images and when that thing cause some emotions and some autonomic sensations intensely and continuously or continually, the neuronal ways from the neuronal groups which that thing's images' sources go through to the neuronal groups causing those autonomic sensations are activated on the basis of temporal closeness, and those activities are retained. Next time that thing is recognized and recollected as images, those activated neuronal ways excite and transmit, and those autonomic sensations are caused. This is the feelings which will be explained later. Such neuronal ways can be called the "Image to Emotion Neuronal Ways" from the neuronal groups which that thing's images' sources go through to the neuronal groups causing those autonomic sensations. In addition, the words of "the neuronal groups which that thing's images' sources go through" are sometimes simplified into those of "that thing's images' sources," those of "the neuronal groups causing those autonomic sensations" are sometimes simplified into those of "those autonomic sensations," and those neuronal ways are sometimes called the Image to Emotion Neuronal Ways from that thing's images' sources to those autonomic sensations in these books. They have not been innately activated. They are activated acquiredly in the above way.

FEELINGS

    Again, when a thing is recognized, recollected, memorized, and stored as images and when that thing cause some emotions and some autonomic sensations intensely and continuously or continually, the image to emotion neuronal ways from that thing's images' sources (the neuronal groups which that thing's images' sources go through) to those autonomic sensations (the neuronal groups causing those autonomic sensations) are activated on the basis of temporal closeness, and those activities are retained. Next time that thing is recognized and recollected as images, those activated image to emotion neuronal ways excite and transmit, and those autonomic sensations are caused. In this, that thing's images' sources, the recognition and recollection of that thing, the excitements and transmissions of those image to emotion neuronal ways, and those pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations can be called the "Feeling" of, about, for, at, or against that thing. In addition, that thing can be called the object of the feeling.
    For example, in the body, above all, the neuronal system of a baby who are battered around by its mother,
(1) Its mother is recognized, recollected, memorized, and stored as images.
(2) Some displeasure autonomic sensations like palpitation and dyspnea are caused by its skin's pain's being caused by its being hit by its mother.
When (1)(2) are temporally closely caused again and again, the image to emotion neuronal ways from its mother's images' sources to those autonomic sensations are activated. Next time its mother is recognized and recollected as images, those activated image to emotion neuronal ways excite and transmit, and those displeasure autonomic sensations are caused. This is the feeling of the anxiety about or fear of a certain person or general human beings. In contrast, when a baby has hunger and thirst and when its mother hugs and nurses it again and again, in the baby's body, above all, nervous system, the generation and renewal of its mother's images and moderate palpitation and smooth breathing are simultaneously caused, which are caused by the reduction of hunger and thirst, and those pleasure autonomic sensations of moderate palpitation and smooth breathing are caused when its mother are recollected. This is the feeling of expectation for a certain person or general human beings.
    Feelings include anxiety, fear, expectation, ease, admiration for other things, admiration for the self, disgust at other things, disgust at the self or self-hatred, loneliness, feeling of being alienated, and feeling of being persecuted.
    Some feelings are the substance of some parts of what is called "conditioning." For example, it is probable that even Pavlov's dogs had some expectations for food. It is possible that not only human beings but also, at least, some higher mammals have some feelings. In addition, like the examples taken earlier, human babies have some simple feelings. Of course, human beings after infant period have various and complicated feelings.

THE EXTENSION OF THE OBJECTS OF FEELINGS

    The objects causing feelings are spread wider and wider in the following ways.
    A feeling consists mainly of (Ⅰ) the recognition and recollection as images of the object, (Ⅱ) the excitements and transmissions of image to emotion neuronal ways caused by (Ⅰ), and (Ⅲ) the autonomic sensations caused by (Ⅱ).
    First, an association often precede (Ⅰ), the contents of association sometimes seem to be the object of a feeling, and the association and (Ⅰ)(Ⅱ)(Ⅲ) sometimes seem to be the feeling. For example, not only does (Ⅰ) the recognition of the interpersonal relations at office or school directly cause (Ⅱ)(Ⅲ) and cause an interpersonal anxiety, but also the recognition of its building causes an association, and in the association, the recollection and recognition of the interpersonal relations there are caused and cause (Ⅱ)(Ⅲ). While those are repeated, the neuronal ways from the images' sources of its building to the displeasure autonomic sensations are activated, and the recognition of its building come to cause (Ⅱ)(Ⅲ) directly without any associations. This is included in feelings. First in such a way, the objects of feelings spread. Moreover, as a definition, a seeming feeling of an association and (Ⅰ)(Ⅱ)(Ⅲ) is included in a feeling, and the contents of the association are included in the objects of the feeling in these books.
    In contrast, even without associations, while an existing feeling is being caused by one of its existing objects and when another thing is recognized accidentally, the object of that feeling can spread to that other thing. For example, a child who already have a fear of a species of insects sees one of that species come out of a harmless species of bushes, it is probable that he or she comes to have a fear of that species of bushes, too.
    While their objects are spread in those ways, feelings in themselves are strengthened or weakened in the following ways. As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," the activities of neuronal groups or ways are increased or retained by long-term intermittent repetitions and are decreased without them. That is true to image to emotion neuronal ways' activities, too. Therefore feelings are strengthened or retained by their repetitions and are weakened without them. For example, if battering, bullying, alienation, and so on is repeated and if interpersonal anxiety is repeated, it is strengthened or retained, and if interpersonal relations not so harsh continue for months or years, interpersonal anxiety is rarely caused and sometimes reduced. From the beginning, if feelings were only spread and strengthened and were not weakened, our lives would be too hard to live.
    The spread of feelings' objects and feelings themselves' being strengthened, retained, or weakened are also true to desires, which will be explained later. Such explanations will be omitted in the section "DESIRES."
    The feelings where pleasure autonomic sensations are dominant can be called Pleasure Feelings, and the contrary can be called Displeasure Feelings. The distinction between them is seemingly vague. All the same, it can distinguish them whether or not they cause or promote any functional impulses which will be explained later. Pleasure feelings include expectation and ease, and displeasure feelings include anxiety, fear, disgust at other persons, disgust at the self or self-hatred, loneliness, feeling of being alienated, and feeling of being persecuted. When we look through them, we find that displeasure feelings are more abundant and important than pleasure ones.

INNATE AND ACQUIRED FORMATION AND WHAT ARE INHERITED BY GENES AND WHAT ARE TRANSMITTED BY THINGS OTHER THAN GENES

    This is the best place where innate formation and acquired formation and what are inherited by genes and what are transmitted by things other than genes are explained.
    The whole or parts of a living thing, their properties, those properties' properties, and so forth including functions, and their abilities or tendencies, and so on, that is, all the things concerning living things are generated, formed, changed, or the like by genes and their functions and by the things other than them. The former can be called an "Innate" Formation (by Genes) or Being Formed Innately (by Genes), and the latter can be called "Acquired" Formation or Being Acquiredly Formed. However, each of them is a part constituting the whole of a formation, and so all the things concerning living things are formed both innately and acquiredly. For example, though it seems that animal bodies are formed innately by genes in common situations, whether given by some others or acquired by themselves, even the formation by those common situations is an acquired formation. All the same, it is innate formation by genes that is significant in the formation of animal bodies even in abnormal situations. The question is whether innate formation or acquired formation is dominant over the abilities or tendencies of each living function. Therefore the word of "almost," "mainly," "evenly," "partially," or the like needs to modify the word of "innate" or "innately" or "acquired" or "acquiredly."
    By the way, the formation before the delivery is not the same as innate formation, and the formation after the delivery is not the same as acquired formation. For example, a human being's nervous system is immature at the delivery, develops rapidly in the first three years, and become mature and stops developing in the adolescent period.　Such formation of nervous systems in themselves is maily innate formation including that after delivery. Concerning disorders, for example, if a fetus's nervous system suffered some disorders through its mother's disorders excluding genetic ones in the fetal period before the delivery, its disordered part is formed partially acquiredly.
    In general, the whole or parts of living things like bodies, organs, tissues, and cells, that is, material things in themselves are formed mainly innately. For example, as was explained earlier, nervous systems in themselves are formed mainly innately. In contrast, the abilities or tendencies of living functions are not always formed mainly innately.
    All the same, many of the abilities or tendencies of living functions are formed mainly innately. From the beginning, as the name implies, the abilities of instinctive fuctions are formed mainly innately. Moreover, the abilities of sensations, pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives, autonomic functions are formed mainly innately. Even concerning the generation of images' sources, which seems to be acquiredly formed, the functions recognizing, cutting, memorizing, storing images' sources are formed mainly innately. When we look through nervous functions, we find that a lot of them are formed mainly innately.
    Here we have found the criterion by which it is decided whether innate or acquired formation is dominant as far as the abilities or tendencies of nervous functions are concerned. Some neuronal groups (including neuronal ways), when they have matured, already have the activities enough to cause their necessary functions . This can be called their Being Activated (Mainly) Innately (by Genes). In contrast, the other neuronal groups do not, and when they are activated and gain activities, they come to have the activities enough to cause their necessary functions. This can be called their Being Activated (Mainly) Acquiredly. The abilities or tendencies of the nervous functions which innately activated neuronal groups cause are formed mainly innately. As was explained earlier, the abilities of instinctive functions, sensations, pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives, autonomic functions are formed mainly innately. That is because the neuronal groups causing them have been activated mainly innately.
    Moreover, special things are found. The neuronal groups memorizing and storing individual images' sources and the neuronal ways among them on the basis of temporal closeness are activated mainly acquiredly, and individual images compose complex images. Moreover, some properties which some parts of sensations' sources just sensed have are recognized, those parts are cut out, and individual images sources are generated for the first time in an individual. Thereafter they compose complex images. Therefore it can be said that images' sources in themselves are acquiredly generated, and the modifier "almost," "mainly," or the like can be omitted. Images' sources in an individual is what is called "knowledge." That is, knowledge is acquiredly formed. This does not conflict with our daily understanding and empiricism and psychology. Nevertheless the nervous functions generating images' sources are formed mainly innately. Nevertheless it can be said that images' sources "in themselves" are acquiredly generated. The following expression would be appropriate, too: though the "frames" of memories or images' sources are formed mainly innately, the "contents" of memories are acquiredly formed.
    The functions like recollections of images, perceptions, associations, feelings, desires, complex emotions, egos, thinkings, and synthetic functions contain images' sources. Therefore the contents of those functions are formed mainly acquiredly. Though they contain image to image neuronal ways, those ways are contained in complex images' sources. All the same, the contents of those functions are formed mainly acquiredly. By the way, the frames of those functions are formed mainly innately.
    Moreover, recollections of images and egos are limiting functions, which will be explained later, and limiting functions contain limited functions. Concerning those functions, images' sources or limited functions can be looked upon as their contents, and the parts of those functions other than them can be looked upon as their frames. Then it can be said that the contents of those functions are formed mainly acquiredly, and that the frames are generated mainly innately.
    Now, the abilities and tendencies of nervous functions will be examined more closely.
    As was explained earlier, some neuronal groups have been activated enough to cause their necessary functions when they have matured. That is, some neuronal groups are activated (mainly) innately. The abilities or tendencies of the nervous functions caused by such neuronal groups are formed mainly innately. Such nervous functions include sensations, pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives, instinctive functions, and autonomic functions. In their abilities or tendencies, what matters are the maturation or development, disorders, aging of those neuronal groups in themselves. For example, general eyesight and hearing reduce gradually by aging and reduce rapidly or gradually by disorders like cataract, glaucoma, otitis media, and cerebrovascular disorders. As for their development, the abilities of the autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure, and so forth and the instinctive functions like sucking milk and crying have already been matured almost fully in the late fetal period. Otherwise, even human newborns could not exist. In contrast, in them, eyesight and hearing are not fully developed. This is because their sensory organs in themselves are not fully matured. A little more closely, it is because the development in the amniotic fluid should be switched into that in the air.
    In contrast, the other neuronal groups, when they are activated and gain activities to a degree, come to have the activities enough to excite and transmit and to cause their necessary functions. That is, some neuronal groups are activated mainly acquiredly. Out of such neuronal groups, the most important are the neuronal groups memorizing and storing individual images' sources and the neuronal ways among them on the basis of temporal closeness explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," and image to emotion neuronal ways explained earlier, and image to function neuronal ways and function to function neuronal ways which will be explained later. Their activities are increased and retained by long-time intermittent repetition of excitements and transmissions and are reduced without such a repetition. They can function as long as they have a certain degree or more of activity. It is probable that at the first time they excite and transmit, they do so as long as they are under certain conditions. In all the cases including this case, their activities are not zero ones from the beginning. Therefore it can be said that they are activated "mainly" acquiredly or that their activities are formed mainly acquiredly.
    Now, as was explained earlier, recollections of images, perceptions, associations, feelings, desires, complex emotions, egos, thinkings, and synthetic functions contain images sources which are acquiredly generated. In addition, their abilities or tendencies are formed mainly by the activations of some of the neuronal groups or ways which are activated mainly acquiredly and which were enumerated above. Therefore it can be said that their abilities or tendencies are formed "mainly" acquiredly. It is significant, above all, that egos' tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly. Egos' tendencies occupy most of what is called "personality." Therefore it can be said that what is called personality are formed mainly acquirdly.
    The above can be said concerning pure mental functions. In contrast, how about voluntary movements and synthetic functions involving them?
    The contractile forces of striated muscles are formed evenly (concerning innate and acquired formation). For example, they are increased through what is called "muscle training." In contrast, when we have been bedridden for months, those of the whole body are reduced, and we can hardly sit up, stand up, or walk. In contrast, there are some muscular physiques. As far as a unitary voluntary movement is concerned, its ability consists mainly of the contractile forces of some striated muscles and the flexibility of joints. Therefore their abilities are formed evenly (concerning innate and acquired formation).
    In contrast to the abilities of unitary voluntary movements, those of complex voluntary movements, because they involve not only the contractile forces of striated muscles but also the activities of function to function neuronal ways which are activated acquiredly, are formed mainly acquiredly. Though the abilities of synthetic functions will be explained later, they are formed mainly acquiredly.
    In contrast to striated muscles, the contractile forces of smooth muscles and cardiac muscle are formed mainly innately. In addition, the activities of the neuronal groups in an autonomic nervous system are activated mainly innately. Therefore the abilities or tendencies of autonomic functions are formed mainly innately.
    Now, the following is a summary of important things for human beings.

(1)The functions whose abilities are generated mainly innately:

sensations, pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives, instinctive functions, and autonomic functions

(2)The functions whose contents are formed mainly acquiredly and whose frames are generated mainly innately:

recollections of images, perceptions, associations, feelings, desires, complex emotions, egos, thinkings, and synthetic functions

(3)The functions whose abilities are formed evenly (concerning innate and acquired formation):

unitary voluntary movements

(4)The functions whose abilities or tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly

complex voluntary movements, recollections of images, perceptions, associations, feelings, desires, complex emotions, egos, thinkings, and synthetic functions

Moreover, the following representations are sometimes done with the modifier "mainly" omitted in these books.

(1)'s functions are formed or develop innately (by genes).
(1)'s functions are innate functions.
(2)'s frames are formed or develop innately (by genes).
(2)'s contents are acquiredly formed or generated.
(4)'s abilities or tendencies are acqiredly formed.
(4)'s functions are acquired functions.

    When we look through those, we find that what are the most important for human beings are all formed (mainly) acquiredly.
    Those innately formed are inherited through genes and do evolve. Those acquiredly formed are not inherited through genes and do not evolve. On the one hand it is felt that the lack of that inheritance is a pity. On the other hand, it is felt that human individuals are free from the constraint of inheritance and evolution.
    It is certain that acquired functions' abilities, tendencies, and knowledge cannot be inherited by genes and cannot evolve. They can be transmitted and accumulated beyond generations by media like language and various kinds of artifacts. The accumulated are culture, custom, law, institution, science, technology, and so forth.
    In addition, the difference between individuals of acquired functions are much larger than that of innate functions. This difference between individuals, above all, the difference between personalities is the most significant and interesting for human beings, isn't it?
    All the same, while the contents and abilities or tendencies of the functions significant for human beings are acquiredly formed, their frames are formed innately by genes and have been evolved in natural selection. Without frames, no contents could be formed. In this sense, genes and evolution are significant also for human beings. Simply, the brains of human beings which have been evolving are significant. Metaphorically, genes and evolution give human beings frames, and human individuals create their contents in those frames.

MAKING USE OF THE PLEASURE OR DISPLEASURE OF THE PAST, INCREASING OR MAINTAINING THE PLEASURE AND DECREASING THE DISPLEASURE IN THE FUTURE, AND SECURING EXISTENCE

    When some objects caused intense and continuous or continual displeasure emotions in the past, those emotions caused displeasure autonomic sensations, and the image to emotion neuronal ways from the images' sources of those objects to those displeasure autonomic sensations were activated. Next time those objects are perceived or recollected as images and recognized, their images' sources cause the excitements and transmissions of those activated image to emotion neuronal ways and those displeasure autonomic sensations. This is the feeling of the anxiety about or the fear of those objects. The animals including human beings which have such feelings can get rid of those objects in advance. The objects which cause intense and continuous or continual displeasure emotions are usually dangerous for the existence of animals' genes, individuals, groups, and species. When animals having some feelings have experienced some pain in the past, they can be afraid of such dangerous objects and can run away as soon as they perceive them. Animals having feelings can get rid of the danger to their existence in advance. In such a way, feelings are functions which make use of the pleasure or displeasure of the past, increase or maintain the pleasure and decrease the displeasure in the future, and secure animals' existence.
    A lot of things explained in the above and this sections are true in desires, complex emotions, egos, and thinkings.
    The driving force of evolution is genes' "spontaneous mutation," individuals' "struggle for existence," "the survival of the fittest," and "natural selection." However, there were some disputes about which is the fittest, individuals, species, groups, or genes. It is the dominant answer that the fittest is genes. That is, natural selection and evolution ensure, primarily, the existence of genes and as a result, that of individuals, groups, and species. In contrast, though the frames of feelings, desires, egos, and so on are inherited and do evolve, their contents and tendencies are acquiredly formed, is not inherited, and do not evolve. There contents and tendencies are free from natural selection and evolution. Their contents and tendencies ensure, primarily, for individuals and, as a result, for groups, species, and genes to exist.

IMMINENCE OF OBJECTS

The objects of feeling have imminence as properties. An imminent object is recollected intensely and frequently in associations, and as a result, cause the feeling which make it an object intensely and frequently. For example, the closer an important event comes, the more intensely and frequently the anxiety about and the expectation for it are caused.

DESIRES

    Some things bring about some pleasure emotions to the human beings or animals who have them or have something to do with them. Such a thing can be concrete or abstract, or physical or mental ones for human beings. For example 1, having much money brings about eating and drinking drives' satisfaction and the comfort of lives and interpersonal relations. For example 2, winning prizes bring about honor. For example 3, making a boy or girl friend brings about not only sexual drives' satisfaction but also various pleasure emotions. By their repetition, the image to emotion neuronal ways from the images' sources of having such a thing, and having something to do with it to the pleasure autonomic sensations caused by those pleasure emotions are activated. Next time, having or having something to do with it is perceived or recollected as images and recognized, those activated image to emotion neuronal ways excite and transmit and those pleasure autonomic sensations are caused. In this, the perception or recollection as images and recognition of having such a thing or having something to do with it, those image to emotion neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions, and those pleasure autonomic sensations can be called the "Desire" for that thing or to get it, have it, or have something to do with it. In addition, that thing can be called the Object of that desire. In addition, the images(' sources) of having such a thing or having something to do with it in that desires can be called its Objective Images.
    When we can have or have something to do with the object of a desire, such pleasure emotions as were exemplified above are caused. This can be called the desire's satisfaction. When we cannot, some displeasure feelings like regret, grief, and anxiety are caused. This can be called the desire's dissatisfaction. When we can do so excessively, some displeasure feelings like being bored or empty are sometimes caused. This can be called the desire's satiation.
    Not only concrete and physical things but also abstract and mental things and human relations and situations can be the objects of desires. For example, not only power, money, food, water, sexual objects, and so on but also honor, glory, prizes, qualifications, abilities, skills, personality, humanity, jobs, friends, boy or girl friends, partners, families, homes, hobbies, urban life, rural life, health, independence, freedom, and so on can be the objects of desires.
    The relation between desires and drives will be explained here. Desires are on the basis of pleasure or displeasure sensations and drives. For example, in order for us to satisfy our eating drive, drinking drive, and sexual drive, we need to gain power and money to a degree, and the desire for money and power is formed. Drives are innate functions and their frames, contents, and tendencies are formed mainly innately. In contrast, desires are acquired functions, while their frames are formed innately by genes, their contents and tendencies are formed mainly acquiredly. In addition, the difference of desires' contents and tendencies between individuals are large. For example, there are some persons where the desire for powers is larger than that for money, and there are others contrary to them.
    Simply, desires are the objective images' causing some pleasure autonomic sensations, and are included in (pleasure) feelings, and those images only get a little complicated. However, the feelings excluding desires are called Feelings (in a narrow sense) in these books.
    Some desires are the substance of some parts of what is called "conditioning."

DEVIATIONS OF OBJECTS OF DESIRES FROM ORIGINAL ONES TO DETAILED MEANS

The objects of desires spread in the same way as those of feelings do. That extension of desires come out as the deviation of objects from intrinsic ones to detailed means. For example, power and money are no more than the means for human beings to control other persons. However, between six to twelve, we forget that they are means, and they become objects of desires. As we grow, the detailed means of skills, qualification, academic background, and so on become the objects of desires. It can be said that such deviation of objects of desires from intrinsic ones to detailed means reflects the reality of the human society. It can also be said that such deviation is our daily lives. All the same, we sometimes regret some pieces of that deviation.

COMPLEX EMOTIONS

    A function which consists mainly of some feelings or desires, which sometimes contains some pleasure or displeasure sensations or drives, and which are recognized as a function in general can be called a "Complex Emotion."
    What is called "love" is a complex emotion which consists mainly of the desires for particular or general human beings, living things, or material things, which often contains sexual drive and gathering drive, which, in mothers, often contain drive, desire, and feeling concerning their children, and which sometimes contains interpersonal anxiety, expectation, and desire, the admiration at the true, the good, or the beautiful, the desire for eternity, and so forth. From the beginning, it might be wrong that the single word "love" designates such various complex emotions.
    What Nietche called the "will to power" is distinct from the mere desire for power. All the same, even the mere desire for power consists mainly of the desire to control or rule some people, the desire for power (in a narrow sense) to get and wield power and which sometimes contains the desire for money, the desire for eternity, the drive to control or rule, and so on.
    All the same, each of some complex emotions contains a feeling or a desire as a main component. Such a complex emotion can be called with the name of that feeling or that desire. For example, in the desire for power as a complex emotion explained above, when that in a narrow sense is dominant, that complex emotion can be called the desire for power (in a narrow sense), too. In addition, the complex emotion's object can be designated with the name of the object of such feeling or desire.
    In addition, the complex emotions where pleasure feelings or desires' satisfactions are dominant can be called Pleasure Complex Emotions, and the complex emotions where displeasure feelings or desires' dissatisfactions or satiations are dominant can be called Displeasure Complex Emotions. For example, the love where the dissatisfaction of the desire for certain persons is dominant is displeasure love. Sometimes this can be called "broken heart."

PLEASURE OR PAIN

    Pleasure or displeasure sensations, drives, feelings, desires, and complex emotions can be called "Emotions."
    Pleasure sensations, drives' satisfactions, pleasure feelings, desires' satisfactions, and pleasure complex emotions can be called Pleasure Emotions or Pleasures. Displeasure sensations, drives' dissatisfactions and satiations, displeasure feelings, desires' dissatisfactions and satiation, and displeasure complex emotions can be called a Displeasure Emotion, Displeasures, or "Pain." The word of "pain" as an uncountable noun designates both physical and mental pain. In addition, the word of pain is used more often than that of displeasure in our daily lives. Therefore the former is often used also in these books.
    Pleasure or displeasure sensations and drives can be called "Physical Emotions." Pleasure sensations and drives' satisfactions can be called Physical Pleasure, and displeasure sensations and drives' dissatisfactions and satiations can be called Physical Displeasures or Physical Pain.
    Feelings, desires, and complex emotions can be called "Mental Emotions." Pleasure feelings, desires' satisfactions, and pleasure complex emotions can be called Mental Pleasures, and displeasure feelings, desires' dissatisfactions and satiations, and pleasure complex emotions can be called Mental Displeasures or a Mental Pain.

OBJECTS OF EMOTIONS

The objects of feelings, desires, and complex emotions, whose main components are feelings or desires, have already been defined in the above sections.
The objects of pleasure or displeasure sensations and drives will be defined here. They form some feelings or desires indirectly. For example 1, the pain on the skins indirectly forms the fear of human violence, diseases, accidents, natural disasters, and so on which cause it. For example 2, eating drives indirectly form some desires for food. The objects of the feelings or desires which pleasure or displeasure sensations and drives form indirectly can be called their Objects.

INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONAL IMAGES AND INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

    At least in each individual of higher mammals including human beings, each of some functions can be caused by some of its images' sources just recollected and by some other functions (X). Such a function as can be caused by some of its images' sources just recollected and by some other functions (X) can be called an "Intentional Function," and such images' sources as can cause it together with some other functions (X) can be called its "Functional Images('s Sources)." Simply, functional images are the images of what are called "ways" or "how to." For example, when we bend our elbow joints while we are intending to do so, doing so is being recollected as functional images, and doing so is an intentional function.
    Images' sources are acquiredly generated, memorized, and stored. So are functional images' sources. Therefore newborns where the images of "elbows," "joints," "stretching and bending," and "right and left" have not been generated yet cannot bend the right elbow joint intentionally. In contrast, they can do so reflexively when, for example, they suddenly suffer a pain on the right hand.
    Bending and stretching joints are included in unitary voluntary movements, which were explained earlier. First, unitary voluntary movements are included in intentional functions.

IMAGE TO FUNCTION NEURONAL WAYS AND FUNCTIONAL NEURONAL GROUPS

In the cerebrum, the neuronal groups which are involved in an intentional function and the beginning of that intentional function and which coordinate its components can be called its "Functional Neuronal Groups." It is confirmed that those of unitary voluntary movements are in the frontal lobe. What is called "motor cortex" consists of the neuronal bodies of those neuronal groups. It can be thought that those of the other intentional functions are also in the frontal lobe.
The neuronal ways from the neuronal group which an intentional function's functional images' sources go through to its functional neuronal groups can be called the "Image to Function Neuronal Ways" from that intentional function's functional images(' sources) to that intentional function's functional neuronal groups. It can be thought that they go from the occipital lobe, parietal lobe, or occipital lobe to frontal lobe and that their axons go through the cerebral medulla.

ACQUIRED GENERATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL IMAGES' SOURCES AND ACQUIRED ACTIVATIONS OF IMAGE TO FUNCTION NEURONAL WAYS

    Images' sources are acquiredly generated, memorized, and stored or renewed. So are functional images' sources. First, other persons' intentional functions are sensed and perceived and their images' sources are generated, memorized, and stored. For example, when a baby sees its parents walking, the images' sources of the complex voluntary movement of walking upright on two legs are generated, memorized, and stored. This is the first part of the process of imitation. Second, the self's intentional functions are sensed, perceived and their images' sources can be generated, memorized, and stored more firmly than other persons'. For example, we cannot master any skills if we only see them done by others without doing them by ourselves. This is the first part of the process of try and error. In those two ways, functional images' sources are generated, memorized, and stored and can be recollected.
    Moreover, when an intentional function is caused again and again by trial an error, its images' sources are generated, memorized, stored and renewed, and the image to function neuronal ways from those images' sources to the functional neuronal groups causing that intentional function are activated acquiredly on the basis of temporal closeness. For example, when a baby sees its parents walking upright on two legs and when it tries to do it again and again, the images' sources of doing it are generated, memorized, stored, and renewed, and the image to function neuronal ways from those images' sources to the functional neuronal groups on the frontal lobes which can cause the unitary voluntary movements of limbs that compose doing it are activated.
    Moreover, when the images' sources of an intentional function are recollected and recognized, the image to function neuronal ways activated in the above ways sometimes excite and transmit, and those excitements and transmissions and some other functions (X) can cause those of the functional neuronal groups causing that intentional functions and cause that intentional functions. On this stage, those images sources of that intentional functions recollected have already become its functional images. For example, when the images' sources of walking upright on two legs are recollected and recognized, the image to function neuronal ways which were activated in the above way excite and transmit, and those excitements and transmission and some other functions (X) can cause those of the functional neuronal groups causing walking, and the baby can walk. On this stage, those images' sources of walking have already become its functional images.

SPECIAL INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

Intentional functions can be caused by (1) functional images' sources just recollected, (2) image to function neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions, and (3) Functional neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions, and by (X) some other functions. However, some intentional functions are sometimes caused by some instinctive functions, too, which do not involve (1)(2). For example, an adult's sucking milk can be caused by (1)(2)(3)(X), and it is a clear intentional function. In contrast, newborns' doing it is caused by some instinctive functions not involving (1)(2). By the way, reflexes like a tendon reflex are always caused without (1)(2)(3)(X), and so they are not intentional functions. Though imitated tendon reflexes are intentional functions, they are not true reflexes.
There are intentional functions at least in higher mammals including human beings. In them, the intentional functions essential for newborns like unitary voluntary movements reducing displeasure sensations and satisfying drives and complex voluntary movements like standing and walking on four legs, sucking milk, crying are caused by some instinctive functions not involving (1)(2) as far as babies or infants are concerned. Thereafter, they can be caused only by (1)(2)(3)(X) and are, all the same, intentional functions. They can be called "Originally Innate (or Instinctive)Intentional Functions." In contrast, the intentional functions caused only by (1)(2)(3)(X) throughout life can be called "Pure Acquired Intentional Functions." In human beings, the former include sucking milk and crying, and the latter include walking upright on two legs and speaking words.

UNITARY AND COMPLEX INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

The intentional functions which are inseparable into smaller ones like unitary voluntary movements can be called "Unitary" Intentional Functions. In contrast, the intentional functions consisting of more than one unitary one like complex voluntary movements can be called "Complex" Intentional Functions. For example, walking upright on two legs consists of the unitary intentional functions (unitary voluntary movements) like bending and stretching of knee, hip, elbow, and shoulder joints, and so it is included in complex intentional functions (complex voluntary movements). Unitary voluntary movements are included in unitary intentional functions, and complex voluntary movements are included in complex intentional functions.

FUNCTION TO FUNCTION NEURONAL WAYS

    The neuronal groups which are involved in a unitary intentional function and the beginning of that unitary one can be called its "Unitary" Functional Neuronal Groups.
    A unitary intentional function can be caused by one functional image's source, the excitements and transmissions of one image to function neuronal way and of one functional neuronal group. In contrast, a complex intentional function cannot be caused so simply. In order for a complex intentional function to be caused, it is necessary (1) that the unitary intentional functions composing the complex intentional function be all recollected as functional images or (2) that those unitary ones are generated as one complex functional image and (2-1) that image to function neuronal ways diverge or (2-2) that there be and function neuronal ways among functional neuronal groups causing unitary ones. It is possible that the mixture of (1)(2-1)(2-2) exists and functions.
    On the first stage of the formation of the ability of a complex intentional function, mainly (1) functions. For example, when we learn a new manual labor, we should remember all its components. While (1) is repeated again and again, the neuronal ways in (2-1)(2-2) are activated, and (2-1)(2-2) come to function. As a result, even if not all the unitary intentional functions composing a complex one is recollected as functional images, the complex one comes to be able to be caused. For example, even if we do not think the right arm forward, the left one back, the right leg back, the left one forward, and so on, we can walk and can think something like tomorrow's schedule other than walking while walking.
    Now, the neuronal ways in (1) and those before divergence in (2-1) can be called Image to Function Neuronal Ways again, and those after divergence in (2-1) and those in (2-2) can be called "Function to Function Neuronal Ways." In addition, the unitary functional neuronal groups of the unitary intentional functions composing a complex intentional function and the function to function neuronal ways between them can be called its "Complex" Functional Neuronal Group of the complex intentional function. In addition, when they do not need to be distinguished, they can be called Functional Neuronal Groups. After all, unitary and complex functional neuronal groups are functional neuronal groups.

FORMATION OF ABILITIES OF COMPLEX INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

    When image to function neuronal ways and function to function neuronal ways and unitary functional neuronal groups and complex functional neuronal group are distinguished in such a way as was done in the above section, we find the following. Image to function neuronal ways are concerned with which intentional function to cause. In contrast, function to function neuronal ways are concerned with how to coordinate the unitary intentional functions composing a complex intentional function, that is, how well that complex one is, that is, its ability.
    At first, the functional images of the unitary intentional functions composing a complex intentional function are separately recollected, their image to function neuronal ways separately excite and transmit, their unitary functional neuronal groups separately excite and transmit, those unitary intentional functions are separately caused, and they compose a kind of rudiment of that complex intentional function. Such a rudiment is awkward. While those are repeated by imitation and try and error, the function to function neuronal ways among those unitary functional neuronal groups causing those unitary intentional functions composing that complex intentional function are activated, and the ability of that complex intentional function are formed. For example, the function to function neuronal ways among the unitary functional neuronal groups causing the unitary voluntary movements of right arm forward, left arm backward, right leg backward, left leg forward, and so on are activated, and the ability of walking upright on two legs is formed. As that ability is formed, those unitary intentional functions come to work in collaboration, and that complex intentional function come to work smoothly.
    Image to function neuronal ways and function to function neuronal ways are acquiredly activated. Complex intentional functions involves the latter. Therefore complex intentional functions are acquired functions and their abilities are formed (mainly) acquiredly.

FORMATION OF ABILITIES OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

    Voluntary movements are included in intentional functions, unitary voluntary movements are included in unitary intentional functions, and complex voluntary movements are included in complex intentional functions. Therefore the following explanations overlap with those in the above section. In addition, they overlap with those in the section where acquired formation was explained.
    As was explained earlier, the contractile force of a striated muscle is formed evenly (concerning innate formation and acquired formation). The main component of a unitary voluntary movement is the contractions of a few striated muscles, and that of the ability of a unitary voluntary movement is the contractile forces of a few striated muscles. Therefore the ability of a unitary voluntary movements are formed evenly concerning innate and acquired processes.
    Concerning originally innate intentional functions like sucking milk and crying, while adults' are complex voluntary movements, newborns' are originally innate complex voluntary movements, and their abilities are formed mainly innately.
    Concerning complex voluntary movements excluding originally innate complex ones, they are included in complex intentional functions and contain function to function neuronal ways, which are acquiredly activated, and their abilities are formed mainly acquiredly. The example of the formation of the ability to walk upright on two legs will be taken again. In a human baby, other persons like its parents' walking upright on two legs is perceived, the images' sources of doing it are generated, memorized, and stored. Those images' sources are recollected, and the baby try to do it. This is the process of imitation. The baby try to do it again and again while failing again and again. This is the process of try and error. While those are repeated, the function to function neuronal ways between the functional neuronal groups causing unitary intentional functions like the bending and stretching of its knee, hip, elbow, shoulder, and so on's joints composing doing it are activated. While those are repeated, the fundamental abilities to do it are formed. Moreover, while it grows, while it sees various adults and actors, models, or athletes doing it on television or screen, and while it imitates them and try and error, the abilities to do it in various ways like stepping, striding, marching, sneaking, roaming, walking fast anyway, and walking a long distance anyway are formed.
    The other complex intentional functions including synthetic functions and their abilities will be explained after egos are explained.

EGOS

IMPULSES

    As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," sensations and memories are caused by the excitements and transmissions of the neuronal groups from the sensory organs to sensory nerves to sensory areas in a broad sense, and so on which are in good order. In addition, image to image neuronal ways explained in that book and image to emotion neuronal ways, image to function ones, and function to function ones explained in this book are not as in good order as those neuronal groups concerning sensations and memories but more in good order than the following.
    Every emotion, which contains some pleasure or displeasure sensations, causes various functions spreading over the nervous system, above all, autonomic nervous one, endocrine one, immune one, and so on. For example, the pain on the skin causes palpitation, dyspnea, and sweating.
    Moreover, some emotions cause neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions which are distinct from those of the neuronal groups or ways causing sensations and memories and which diffuse in the central nervous system, head for a pair of cerebrums, too, and reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums. They influence some of cerebrums' functions in some ways different from those of sensations or memories. Such neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions can be called "Impulses." They sometimes confuse rational functions in cerebrums. For example, furious feelings like anger or fear sometimes disturb thinking.
    More than one emotion can be caused at once. For example, the pain on the skin and the anxiety about its continuing or gaining can be caused simultaneously. Even the anxiety about and the expectation for a thing can be caused simultaneously. Therefore, at once, more than one impulse can arise, that is, can begin to be caused by more than one emotion. However, even if a lot of impulses arise at once, in one nervous system of one individual, because impulses diffuse toward one pair of cerebrums and because some of them that excite and transmit the earliest and the most continuously, at the highest density, the widest, and the closest to the center make the others disappear, a limited number of them reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums. That is, a limited number of impulses which arose are (completely) caused. Impulses' exciting and transmitting early and continuously, at high density, wide, and close to the center can be called their being intense. When it is defined so, it can be said that when a lot of impulses arise at once, a limited number of the most intense ones reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums and are (completely) caused. Therefore impulses, the common process which they go through, and the functions treating them are a limiting function, and each impulse is a limited function.

FUNCTIONAL IMPULSES

    Some of the functional images('sources) just recollected cause the excitements and transmissions of some image to emotion neuronal ways and some autonomic sensations. Moreover, some of those autonomic sensations cause some impulses. The impulses which are caused indirectly by functional images just recollected in such a way can be temporarily called "Functional" Impulses. Such functional impulses as are caused by some functional images, which are the images' sources of some intentional functions, can become what is called the "motivation" to cause those intentional functions.
    Feelings, desires, complex emotions contain or cause some autonomic sensations. Most pleasure or displeasure sensations and drives cause some autonomic sensations. Therefore most emotions contain or cause some autonomic sensations. Usually, pleasure emotions contain or cause some pleasure autonomic sensations, and displeasure emotions contain or cause some displeasure autonomic sensations. In addition, even while displeasure emotions are being caused, if they are reduced, pleasure autonomic sensations are sometimes caused. Emotions' containing or causing some autonomic sensations can be called their Causing some autonomic sensations.
    Now, when an intentional function is caused and when it causes some pleasure emotions or reduces displeasure emotions and causes some pleasure autonomic sensations intensely and continuously or continually, the functional images of that intentional function are generated, memorized, stored, and renewed, and the image to emotion neuronal ways from them to those pleasure autonomic sensations are activated, and those activities are retained for a while. Next time those functional images are recollected, they cause those activated image to emotion neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions, cause those pleasure autonomic sensations, and can cause some functional impulses. In such a way, only when an intentional function caused some pleasure emotions or reduced some displeasure emotions in the past and only when some pleasure autonomic sensations are caused at present, functional impulses can be caused. In such a way, autonomic sensations and functional impulses are potent functions which refer to pleasure or displeasure in the past and can secure pleasure and prevent displeasure in the future.

LIMITING FUNCTIONS

    In general, limiting functions, limited functions, and so on can be defined in the following way.

    There are some sets each of which (F = (f1,f2,…)) has the following properties in each of the individuals of the species of, at least, higher mammals including human beings.

(1) F go through a common process (P).
(2) In a situation (S) and in a time (LT), in the case (C1) where a number (N) or less of F arise, all of them are caused with their simple tendencies (ST) to be caused, and in the case (C2) where more than N of F arise, N of F which have the largest tendencies (CT) to be caused while competing with one another in the process (LP) which limits F in the process (P).
(3) However, the number (N) fluctuate in an internal condition.
(4) Out of the above, there is some difference between the individuals of the same species and of the same age in those tendencies (ST and CT), and there is little difference in the others.

In the above, the set of functions (F) and the common process (P) which F go through containing the process (LP) which limits F can be called a "Limiting Function" of the individual in the situation (S), the set (F = (f1,f2,…)) can be called the "Limited Functions" belonging to the limiting function, the process (LP) which limits F in the process (P) can be called the limiting function's or the limited functions' "Limiting Process," the time in which F are limited can be called the limiting function's "Limiting Time," a limited function's tendency (ST) to be caused in C1 can be called the limited function's "Simple Tendency (to Be Caused)," and a limited function's tendency (CT) in C2 can be called the limiting function's "Tendency (to Be Caused) (While Competing with One Another)."
    All the same, Tendencies (ST) in C1 were fundamental ones, and tendencies (CT) in C2 always contain ST. Whatever has a small CT has enough ST. In addition, usually, more than N of limited functions arise, and N of them are caused. Therefore, in general, a limited function's tendency (CT) to be caused while competing with one another in C2 can be called the limited function's tendency (to be caused). Practically, it can be said that more than a limited number of limited functions arise, and that the limited number of them which have the largest tendencies are caused. It is the most important thing both in recollections of images which were explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES" and in egos which will be explained in this book.
    As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," the neuronal ways from the neuronal groups memorizing and storing individual images' sources to the replay converge. In addition, though a lot of images' sources arise at once, a certain number (N) of them which excite and transmit the earliest, the most continuously, at the highest density, the most widely, and the closest to the center make the others disappear in a converging neuronal group, reach the replay, and are recollected. Therefore recollections of images including those of functional ones are limiting functions, and each complex image's source including each functional image's source which can be recollected is a limited function. A little more closer, each kind of recollection is a "unitary" limiting function, and some kinds of recollections which recollect complex images, which consist of some kinds of individual image, is a "complex" limiting function consisting of some unitary limiting functions. In contrast, the following is not so.
    As was explained earlier, because functional impulses diffuse toward the cerebrums, those which excite and transmit the earliest, the most continuously, at the highest density, the most widely, and the closest to the center make the others disappear and reach at least the periphery of the pair of cerebrums. That is, (N) or less of the most intense functional impulses reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums. Therefore functional impulses, the common process which they go through, and the functions dealing with them are a limiting function, and each functional impulse is a limited function.

EGOS' SITUATIONS

    Though intentional functions are caused in situations, there exist and function some things which mediate between situations and intentional function. Such mediators deserve to be called "egos." Such mediators can be called "Egos." Simply, egos cause intentional functions in situations. Egos mediate between situations and intentional functions. Metaphorically, a situation is the input, an intentional function is the output, and an ego is the computer. Ego's situations are those where some intentional functions need to be caused. For example, a situation where I need to cause some interpersonal functions, more concretely, that somebody is knocking at the door or that the telephone is ringing is an ego's situation. Even if I pretend that I am not at home or office, it is an interpersonal function and is an intentional function.
    As was explained earlier, mental functions' situations are divided into external ones and internal ones. So are egos' situations. The door's being knocked and the telephone's ringing in the above example are external egos' situations. External situations are out of individuals, are the present things, and are sensed, perceived, and recognized, and the recognition becomes the beginning of an ego.
    In contrast, egos' internal situations are in individuals, the present, past, future, or real or unreal things or the present emotions which can be recollected as images and recognized, and the recognition becomes the beginning of an ego. For example 1, because what have to be done tomorrow are recollected, that is, anticipated, an ego intends to prepare for them. This can be looked upon as the ego's directly responding to its present internal situation of images just recollected and indirectly responding its future external situation of tomorrow's job. For example 2, because its own past shameful behavior is recollected as images, an ego intends to escape the images of those behaviors in such a way as will be explained later. This can be looked upon as the ego's directly responding to its present internal situation of images just recollected and indirectly responding to its past external situation and the self. In such ways, egos respond not only directly to the present but also indirectly to the future, the past, and the self.
    In addition, emotions can be recognized and become egos' internal situations. For example 1, when there is some thirst, it is recognized, and egos intend to drink water. For example 2, when there is some anxiety or fear, it is recognized and egos intend to escape its objects.

EGOS

    At the beginning of an ego, a situation where some intentional functions need to be caused is recognized, some functional images' sources of such intentional functions are recollected. Simply, some ways to respond to the situation are recollected and proposed. For example, the situation of somebody's knocking at the door is recognized, the functional images of pretending not to be at home or office, making sure who it is and then opening the door, opening the door and then making sure who it is, and so on are recollected.
    It is thinkable that only functional images' sources just recollected and image to function neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions cause functional neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions and intentional functions. That is, it is thinkable that only

(1) RATIONAL SYSTEM:
Recognitions of situations → recollections of functional images → functional images' sources just recollected → image to function neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions

cause functional neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions and intentional functions. (1) does not involve any emotions or impulses, and so (1) can be called "Rational Systems." Only such rational systems' causing intentional functions is seemingly more rational and efficient than only emotions' or both rational systems and emotions' causing them.
    All the same, rational systems are too weak to cause intentional functions by themselves. They need emotions and functional impulses' support to cause intentional functions. This was often felt to be real through the daily experience that, no matter what a good idea occurs to us, we cannot carry out it without motivation.
    Above all, even in the time of a second, more than one functional image is usually recollected and proposed. Who or what decides which of those proposals to adopt?
    In order for individuals, groups, species, and genes to exist, it is the fittest to refer to whether or not each intentional function caused some pleasure emotions, did not cause any displeasure ones, or reduced some displeasure ones when it was caused in the past and to decide which to adopt.
    Therefore both the above (1) rational system and the following (2) emotional system cause functional neuronal groups' excitements and transmissions and intentional functions.

(2) EMOTIONAL SYSTEM:
(functional images' sources just recollected→) image to emotion neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions → pleasure autonomic sensations → functional impulses

    By (1) alone, the excitements and transmissions of image to function neuronal ways disappear at some synapses (X) in image to function neuronal ways or at the synapses (Y) between image to function neuronal ways and functional neuronal groups. Functional impulses in (2) promote the postsynaptic cells in X or Y, that is, change the intracellular potentials and make it easy for them to exceed the threshold, and make excitements and transmissions go through at X or Y. Though functional impulses are rough and cannot cause any sophisticated functions by themselves, they can promote neuronal groups or ways' excitements and transmissions causing sophisticated functions. In such a way, both (1) rational systems and (2) emotional systems cause the excitements and transmissions of functional neuronal groups and cause intentional functions. Here, functional impulses can be redefined as the impulses which not only can be caused by functional images but also can promote the excitements and transmissions of image to function neuronal ways or functional neuronal groups.
    Out of the emotional system, image to emotion neuronal ways' excitements are not sensed, and functional impulses are hardly sensed, but pleasure autonomic sensations are sensed as thrill, motivation, expectation, and so on. Therefore emotional systems can be called "Motivations," too.
    Metaphorically, (1) rational systems propose some "ways" or "how to do," and (2) emotional system decide which of them to adopt. When a proposal by (1) causes displeasure, (2) reject it. When a proposal by (2) causes pleasure, (2) adopt it. Whether it causes pleasure or displeasure stands on the individual's experience. The frames of (1) and (2), that is the frames of egos are formed mainly innately, inherited, and do evolve. Their frames have evolved in natural selection and are functions fit for genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist.
    Again, the point of emotional systems will be explained. When an intentional function is caused, when it caused pleasure emotions or reduced displeasure emotions and caused pleasure autonomic sensations, and when these are repeated, the image to emotion neuronal ways from the functional images of that intentional function to those autonomic sensations were activated. Next time the functional images of that intentional function are recollected, those activated image to emotion neuronal ways excite and transmit, they cause those pleasure autonomic sensations, they cause intense functional impulses, and they promote the rational system and cause that intentional function. It can be said that it is a steady way referring to individuals' experience and pleasure or displeasure. Simply, what caused pleasure in the past is likely to cause pleasure in the present, too.
    From the beginning, rational systems are neutral, and so they cannot decide by themselves whether anything is good or bad. As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," in recollections or associations on the basis of temporal closeness, cause and effect can be recollected as complex images. All the same, in them, whether the result is good or bad cannot be recollected or judged. It can be decided only indirectly and relatively only by whether something is pleasure or displeasure in animals including human beings. Then, why do we seek the truth. That is because seeking and finding it is pleasure. This was recognized as "Philosophia (loving knowledge)" by the ancient Greeks.
    As was explained earlier, what mediate between situations and intentional functions can be called egos. Now, it turns out that those mediators are (1) and (2) (and their collaboration). More closely, (1) the rational system and (2) the emotional system as the mediator between a situation and some intentional functions can be called the "Ego" intending to cause the intentional functions in the situation. More closely, a certain situation is recognized, some functional images' sources arise, a limited number (N1) or less of them are recollected, and some of them cause some image to function neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions. Simultaneously, some of those functional images' sources cause some image to emotion neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions, some of them cause some pleasure autonomic sensations, and some of them cause some functional impulses. Then, a limited number (N2) or less of those functional impulses which are the most intense reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums and promote the excitements and transmissions of the image to function neuronal ways or the functional neuronal groups caused by the functional images sources which cause those most intense functional impulses, and the functional neuronal groups excite and transmit. After all, the intentional functions represented by the functional images' sources which caused those most intense functional impulses are caused. In this, the recognition of a certain situation, the arousals and recollections of functional images' sources, the functional images' sources just recollected, the image to function neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions, the image to emotion neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions, the pleasure autonomic sensations, the functional impulses, and the promotion of the excitements and transmissions of the image to function neuronal ways or the functional neuronal groups by the most intense functional impulses can be called the "Ego" intending to cause the intentional functions in the situation.
    Such an ego is the substance of what we call "I" in our daily lives. That is, we call what can cause intentional functions "I" or the like. In contrast, we call what causes autonomic functions or spontaneous pure mental functions as will be explained later not "I" or the like but "my body," "my mind," or the like. For example 1, if arrhythmia is caused in the autonomic function of the heart's beat, it is referred to as "a disorder of my body." For example 2, if we suffer depression and if general feelings and desires as spontaneous pure mental functions get deflated, we refer to it as "a disorder of my mind." In contrast, if we commit a theft which is an intentional function and if we confess, we say not "my body or mind did it" but "I did it." Therefore an ego can be called "I," Each of Us, Human Being, Intending to Do an Intentional Function, and so on.

ANOTHER DEFINITION OF FUNCTIONAL IMAGES AND INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

It is better that functional images and functional impulses are redefined as follows. The images' sources which can cause the excitements and transmissions of both image to function neuronal ways and image to emotion neuronal ways can be redefined as Functional Images(' Sources). In addition, the impulses which can be caused by functional images' sources and can promote the excitements and transmissions of image to function neuronal ways or functional neuronal groups can be redefined as Functional Impulses.
In addition, after egos are defined in the above way, the functions which can be caused directly by some egos can be called Intentional Functions.

LIMITING EGOS AND LIMITED EGOS

    Such an ego as was explained in the above section is a limiting function. In general, limiting functions, limited functions, and so on can be defined in the following way.

    There are some sets each of which (F = (f1,f2,…)) has the following properties in each of the individuals of the species of, at least, higher mammals including human beings.

(1) F go through a common process (P).
(2) In a situation (S) and in a time (LT), in the case (C1) where a number (N) or less of F arise, all of them are caused with their simple tendencies (ST) to be caused, and in the case (C2) where more than N of F arise, N of F which have the largest tendencies (CT) to be caused while competing with one another in the process (LP) which limits F in the process (P).
(3) However, the number (N) fluctuate in an internal condition.
(4) Out of the above, there is some difference between the individuals of the same species and of the same age in those tendencies (ST and CT), and there is little difference in the others.

In the above, the set of functions (F) and the common process (P) which F go through containing the process (LP) which limits F can be called a "Limiting Function" of the individual in the situation (S), the set (F = (f1,f2,…)) can be called the "Limited Functions" belonging to the limiting function, the process (LP) which limits F in the process (P) can be called the limiting function's or the limited functions' "Limiting Process," the time in which F are limited can be called the limiting function's "Limiting Time," a limited function's tendency (ST) to be caused in C1 can be called the limited function's "Simple Tendency (to Be Caused)," and a limited function's tendency (CT) in C2 can be called the limiting function's "Tendency (to Be Caused) (While Competing with One Another)."
    All the same, Tendencies (ST) in C1 were fundamental ones, and tendencies (CT) in C2 always contain ST. Whatever has a small CT has enough ST. In addition, usually, more than N of limited functions arise, and N of them are caused. Therefore, in general, a limited function's tendency (CT) to be caused while competing with one another in C2 can be called the limited function's tendency (to be caused). Practically, it can be said that more than a limited number of limited functions arise, and that the limited number of them which have the largest tendencies are caused.

Let us examine it closely.

[Limited egos, common processes, limiting processes, limiting egos]

(le1) The functional image's source→the image to function neuronal way's excitement and transmission in the rational system and
(le2) the image to emotion neuronal way's excitement and transmission→the autonomic sensation→the functional impulse in the emotional system
which can cause an intentional function go through
(cp1) memorial neuronal groups converging toward the replay→image to function neuronal ways in the rational system and
(cp2) image to emotion neuronal ways→neuronal groups causing the autonomic sensation→neuronal groups which functional impulses go through
    There are some memorial neuronal groups (lp1) converging toward the replay in cp1. The complex images' sources which excite and transmit the earliest, the most continuously, at the highest density, the most widely, and the closest to the center make the others disappear in memorial neuronal groups converging toward the replay, reach the replay, and are recollected. Therefore, even if a lot of functional images arise, a limited number (N1) or less of them are recollected. There are some neuronal groups (lp2) which functional impulses go through. Impulses diffuse toward cerebrums, and the most intense of them reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums. Therefore, though N1 of functional impulses can arise, a limited number (N2) or less of them reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums, promote image to function neuronal ways or functional neuronal groups, and cause N2 or less of intentional functions.
    On those grounds, le1 and le2 is an limited function and can be called a "Limited Ego." In addition, cp1 and cp2 is the common process which limited egos go through. In addtion, lp1 and lp2 is the limiting process which limits limited egos to N2 or less. In addition, the set of limited egos which can arise in a certain situation and the common process including the limiting process is a limiting function and can be called the "Limiting Ego" in the situation.
    Each of the functional images' sources which can arise in individuals of the same species and of the same age in a situation and the remaining part of the rational system and the emotional system which can caused by it can be looked upon as a function. In addition, when a number (N) or more of such functions arise, they are limited by the double limiting processes of that of recollections of images and that of functional impulses. Therefore they are limited functions and can be called "Limited Egos." Simply, for example, in the external situation of a hard interpersonal relation and in the internal situation of interpersonal anxiety, an ego intending to cause interpersonal escape, another ego intending to cause interpersonal confrontation, and another ego intending to cause waiting and seeing arise, but one of them is caused.

[Egos' situations]

    Egos' situations were roughly explained in one of the above sections. Here they will be restrictively explained.
    Situations can expand endlessly. For example, though interpersonal anxiety can be recognized and can be an ego's internal situation, that situation can expand from that anxiety to the present interpersonal relations to its past interpersonal relations to the process of the formation of that anxiety's tendency from the baby period, and so on. Though the formation of abilities or tendencies is the most important, we had better not designate it with the word "situation." It had better be designated with the direct words "the formation of abilities or tendencies." Therefore an ego's situation is defined as that which are recognized by the ego at the present in these books. When it is defined in such a way, in the above example, the ego's situation is only the interpersonal anxiety and the present interpersonal relations. Though the formation of egos' tendencies is the biggest problem, it will be designated directly with those words .

[The limiting time of egos]

    It is a time of seconds. As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," that of recollections of images was tenths of a second. Because egos involve emotional systems, it gets longer than that of simple recollections. However, it sometimes seems that no limited egos are caused for more than ten seconds. For example, it seems when egos are lost in a long thought. All the same, even then egos are causing intentional functions of smaller thinkings one after another in that larger thinking.

[The number (N) which or less of limited egos are caused]

    A situation is recognized, some functional images' sources arise, a number (N1) or less of them are recollected in lp1, and some of them cause some image to function neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions. Simultaneously, some of the functional images' sources just recollected cause some image to emotion neuronal ways' excitements and transmissions, some of them cause some pleasure autonomic sensations, and some of them cause some functional impulses. Then, another number (N2) or less of those functional impulses reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums in lp2 and promote the excitements and transmissions of image to function neuronal ways or functional neuronal groups. After all, N2 or less of limited egos are caused. In such a way, the number (N) is N2, and N2 is not more than N1. As will be explained below, the number (N) is sometimes one.

[The internal condition where N fluctuates]

    However, the limited number (N) fluctuates depending on an internal condition. First, concerning recollections of functional images, when one of them is intensely recollected, the others are recollected faintly or not recollected even if they arise, and N1 becomes small. Second, concerning functional impulses, when an intense pleasure autonomic sensation is caused and cause an intense functional impulse, the others are hard to reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums, and N2 becomes small. As a whole, when an intense limited ego is caused, N becomes small and sometimes becomes one. For example, when the limited ego intending to escape a very dangerous situation, the others are not caused, and N becomes one. However, isn't it not sometimes but usually that it is one? All the same, it is usually more than one because there are inertial egos, which will be explained later. Simply, egos can do dexterous thing like doing a thing while doing some others. For example, we can think of today's schedule while walking to the station and while carrying a bag. Then, walking and carrying are caused inertially. Even so, if we do not accept inertial ones as egos, it is usually one. Therefore it is not entirely wrong to assert that N is one. For example, in "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE," inertial egos do not matter, and N is one.

    In the above way, limiting egos and limited egos can be distinguished. In short, limiting egos limit limited egos. However, if limiting egos and limited egos are always distinguished and if those words are always used, the sentences will be complicated. Therefore when it is clear from the contexts which of them is designated, limiting egos or limited egos are called Egos in these books.

THE WHOLE OF A LIMITED EGO FROM THE FORMATION OF ITS TENDENCIES

A Limited ego needs completely to climb the following stages in order for them to be caused. (1)-(3) of the following are the stages of the formation of limited egos' tendencies, which can also be said to be preliminary stages.

(1) An intentional function is sensed, perceived, and recognized, and its functional image's source is generated, memorized, and stored or renewed.
(2) The image to function neuronal way from that functional image's source to the functional neuronal group causing that intentional function is activated.
(3) That intentional function causes some pleasure emotions or reduce some displeasure emotions and cause some pleasure autonomic sensations, and the image to emotion neuronal way from that functional image's source to those pleasure autonomic sensations is activated.

(1)-(3) are repeated, and the activities of the following are retained.

(a-1) the neuronal groups memorizing and storing the individual images' sources composing that functional image's source as a complex image and the neuronal ways among them
(a-2) that image to function neuronal way
(a-3) that image to emotion neuronal way

The above are, as it were, rehearsals, and the following are, as it were, performances.

(4) The situation is recognized, and that functional image's source arises.
(5) It is recollected in the limiting process (lp1).
(6) It cause the excitement and transmission of that image to function neuronal way.
(7) Simultaneously, that functional image's source just recollected causes the excitement and transmission of that image to emotion neuronal way, it causes those pleasure autonomic sensations, and they make a functional impulse arise.
(8) That functional impulse reaches at least the periphery of the cerebrums in the limiting process (lp2).
(9) It promotes the excitement and transmission of that image to function neuronal way or the functional neuronal group.

When the limited ego climbs the whole of (1)-(9), its whole and the intentional function are caused. The most important of them is (7) and, when we trace back to the preliminary stages, (3). The reason will be explained later.

EGOS AND, ASSOCIATIONS AND THINKINGS

    An association is sometimes involved in a limited ego in the following way. Often in a limited ego, the recollection of a functional image is prolonged, and it becomes an association. In that association, if a functional image detailed more than the original one is recollected and cause the following process, this is the original limited ego's being prolonged and detailed, and that association is involved in that prolonged limited ego. For example, if the functional image of detailed ways like running away or hiding is associated from the original one of escaping and cause the following process, this is it. In contrast, in that association, if such a detailed functional image is not recollected, this is the original limited ego's arising but stopping and another limited ego's arising. For example, if the functional image of confronting or waiting and seeing is associated from the original one of escaping, this is it.
    A thinking and a smaller limited ego are often involved in a larger limited ego in the following way. A thinking is an intentional function, and a limited ego can start a thinking. Often in a larger ego, while a functional image is being recollected or associated, a smaller ego starts the thinking of that functional image. In that thinking, if a functional image detailed more than that original one is recollected, this is that larger limited ego's being prolonged and detailed, and that thinking and that smaller ego which started it is involved in that larger limited ego. In contrast, in that thinking, if such a detailed functional image is not recollected, this is that larger limited ego's arising but stopping and another limited ego's arising. For example, when we think of the functional images of escaping, if the self's tendency to escape is recollected, this is it. Then, an ego might confront the self's tendency to escape.
    In such a way, not only does a limiting ego often invlove an association and a thinking, but also a larger ego often involve smaller egos. There is a multilayer structure of ego here. The detail will be explained later.

EGOS AND EMOTIONS

    First (1), as was explained earlier, emotions are recognized and can be internal situations of egos. Sometimes, the whole or parts of emotions are sometimes recognized, the functional image of a limited ego is recollected directly or indirectly through associations or thinkings, and that limited ego arises. For example 1, hunger is recognized, and an ego starts to think how to get food. For example 2, interpersonal anxiety is recognized, and an ego starts to think how to escape interpersonal relations. For example 3, interpersonal desire is recognized, and an ego starts to think how to enter interpersonal relations.
    Second (2), sometimes, an emotion is caused by the recognition of a situation before a limited ego is caused, and the objective image of that emotion cause the functional image of a limited ego through associations and not through clear recognition, and that limited ego arises. For example, interpersonal anxiety is caused in an interpersonal relation, and an ego intends to cause interpersonal functions.
    In any case of (1)(2)(3), sometimes, those emotions promote or restrain the functional impulses of those limited egos. In such a case, those emotions can be looked upon as involved in those limited egos. For example in the case of (3), sometimes, that interpersonal desire promotes the ego intending to cause interpersonal functions.
    In contrast to those moderate emotions, a fierce emotion, whether it is mental one or physical one, causes a fierce impulse different from functional ones and disturbs both the rational system and the emotional system of an ego, and the ego cannot do anything or can only cause an unaccountable intentional function. For example, when we suddenly suffer fierce pain, all that we can do is cry out. Sometimes such crying out is not an intentional function caused by egos but an instinctive function.

AROUSALS OF A LOT OF LIMITED EGOS IN ONE SITUATION

    Usually in one situation, a lot of functional images' sources arise, but a limited number (N1) of them are recollected. Moreover, usually, a lot of functional images' sources are recollected, but a more limited number (N2) of functional impulses and limited egos are caused. Metaphorically, the rational system proposes a lot of intentional functions which are equally possible and rational in a situation as functional images, and the emotional system adopts a few of them with pleasure or displeasure and rejects the others.
    In individuals who live in the human society, the functional images of intentional functions which comply written and unwritten laws, manners and customs, ethics, morality, common senses, and so forth are often recollected and cause some pleasure autonomic sensations. That is because causing such intentional functions have caused some ease and, at least, have not incurred severe blame, retaliation, punishment, and so forth. Simultaneously, functional images of intentional functions contradictory to them are recollected, and lure us. Nonetheless, they also cause anxiety because such intentional functions incur the above. Nonetheless, those functional images arise or are recollected, and the limited egos involving them arise. In such a way, there seem to be what is called conflicts on the stage of arousals of limited egos. Nonetheless, this is not such a dramatic thing as conflict but our daily lives.
    In addition, on the stage of arousals of limited egos, facing or confronting, escaping, and waiting and seeing are intermingled. For example, when a limiting ego is in an internal situation of interpersonal anxiety and in an external situation of hard interpersonal relations, the following limited egos can be caused. The interpersonal anxiety is recognized, and the functional images of interpersonal escapes are recollected (1). However, the necessity to cause some interpersonal functions is recognized, and those functional images cause some displeasure autonomic sensations and do not cause functional impulses. Then, the functional images of interpersonal facing or confronting are recollected (2). However, those functional images increase that interpersonal anxiety and do not cause intense functional impulses. After all, the functional images of half-way interpersonal functions which do enter interpersonal relations but do not confront them are recollected, cause some ease, cause intense functional impulse, and cause such interpersonal functions (3). Those take place in a few seconds.
    However, actually, a lot of detailed limited egos, for example as follows, arise even in each of (1)(2)(3).
(1-1)Not going to office or school
(1-2)Going to office or school, but escaping the interpersonal relations
(1-3)Faking sickness and being absent
(2-1)Though with interpersonal anxiety, going to office or school and entering the interpersonal relations
(2-2)Improving the interpersonal relations when they are thought to be abnormal
(3-1)Behaving lightly
(3-2)Exhibiting one's appearances which other persons are hard to come close to
All the same, those, too, are no more an example, actually, more detailed limited egos arise.

EGOS TAKING STEPS

For example, even if egos intend to see its boy or girl friend, they cannot do that at once. Egos need to take a shower, to make up, to dress up, and to lock the door of his or her house. Some egos intend to get on a train, but they needs to walk to the station to do that. Walking, some egos should stop at some traffic signals or ignore them. In this case, some egos need to function to stop at them, and some need to function more intensely to ignore them than to stop. After getting to the station, some egos need to get a ticket and in order to do that, some egos need to get to the vending machines, to take their purses out of their pockets or bugs, to take some coins, bills, or a card out of it, to put them into the slot of the machine, to take the change, and to head for the gate. In this way, a lot of egos functions before seeing his or her girl or boy friends and even before getting on a train. In such a way, most intentional functions are steps, egos need to take steps in situations, and most of our daily lives is steps.

THE CONTINUITY OF LIMITED EGOS

From the beginning, images replace one another rapidly, so do functional images. Corresponding to it, though not as rapidly as they do, pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations and functional impulses replace one another rapidly. In addition, so do situations though not as rapidly as they do. Moreover, intentional functions caused by egos change situations. For example, the intentional function of speaking changes the situations of interpersonal relations and sometimes do so drastically. Therefore limited egos replace one another rapidly. This is not temporary states but regular and fundamental ones.
Including egos taking steps explained above and inertial egos which will be explained later, as long as we are awaken, a lot of limited egos are being caused continuously, replacing one another.

INNATE FORMATION OF LIMITING EGOS' FRAMES AND ACQUIRED FORMATION OF LIMITED EGOS' CONTENTS

    The part of a limiting egos excluding limited egos, that is, the common process including limiting processes which limiting egos go through can also be called the limiting ego's "Frame" and is formed mainly innately. In contrast, limiting egos and their tendencies can be called egos' "Contents" and are formed mainly acquiredly in such a way as was explained earlier.
    In human ontogenesis, in general, the human beings in the adolescent period or later have the most clear and intense limiting egos. All the same, there are some immature egos in the pre-adolescent, infant, and baby period, as they are.
    However, that limiting egos mature after delivery does not at all mean that limited egos' frames are acquiredly generated. Also after delivery, their frames are generated mainly innately, that is, by genes and their functions.
    In contrast to limiting egos' frames, their contents, that is, limited egos and their tendencies are generated and formed mainly acquiredly. That is because the functional images involved in them are acquiredly generated and because the image to emotion neuronal ways and the image to function neuronal ways involved in them are activated mainly acquiredly.
    As will be explained in "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS," the tendencies (of the outlines) of limited egos occupy most part of what is called personality. Therefore what is called personality and its difference among individuals are formed mainly acquiredly. This finding is different from our daily understanding, isn't it? We, human adults look upon personality as unchangeable and stubborn, and if it is said that personality is acquiredly formed, we don't believe it, do we? All the same, the tendencies (of the outlines) of limited egos occupying most part of what is called personality and their difference among individuals are formed mainly acquiredly mainly between the baby period and the adolescent period. In addition, the earlier they are formed, the harder they are to reduce or reform. Therefore we, adults, mistake such acquired formation for a kind of innate formation.
    In animal phylogenesis, it is probable that such higher mammals as apes, dogs, cats, horses, and so on have some primitive egos.

OUTLINES OF LIMITED EGOS AND INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

    As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," including intentional functions, most things are recognized, and their images' sources are generated, and while going through memorial neuronal groups diverging one after another, they are memorized and stored while classified into some groups. Concerning some of such groups, not only the elements belonging to them but also those groups in themselves are recollected as images. A little more closely, some groups are recollected in the background, and the elements belonging to those groups are recollected in the foreground. For example, general interpersonal relations are recollected in the background, and particular interpersonal relations in office, school, or home are recollected in the foreground.
    As for the functional images of intentional functions, too, there are such groups as are classified and recollected in the above ways. For example, escaping is recollected in the background, running away, hiding, and so on are recollected as functional images in the foreground.
    Moreover, as for some of such groups of the functional images' sources of the intentional functions, the elements belonging to the same group, on the basis of similarity, can activate the same or similar image to emotion neuronal ways. Therefore the tendencies of the limited egos involving the functional images of the intentional functions belonging to such a group are formed together. The group of limited egos whose tendencies are formed together in the above way can be called an "Outline" of (Limited) Egos, and the group of the intentional functions which can be caused by them can be called an Outline of Intentional Functions. Tendencies of limited egos are formed with such outlines made units. For example, there is showing off the self as an outline of limited egos. Its tendency is formed mainly in the baby and infant period. Though after the adolescent period, the concrete ways to show off the self go various like talking too much of the self and showing off even the self's defects, we feel that they are not so different. Such outlines are often felt more in our daily lives than in psychology.
    Some of such outlines can classify intentional functions and limited egos beyond individuals, societies, species, and situations. For example, facing or confronting, escaping, and waiting and seeing are the most fundamental outlines of intentional functions and limited egos not only in human beings but also in mammals at least. For example 1, even carnivores escape from natural disasters. For example 2, herbivores' escaping instantly from carnivores sometimes increases the risk that the former are found and caught by the latter, and waiting and seeing is sometimes fit for their genes, individuals, groups, and species to exist. For example 3, in human beings, facing or confronting is different from fighting. Not fighting but talking is sometimes facing, and fighting is sometimes escaping.
    The tendencies of limited egos are not only formed but also reduced or reformed with their outlines made units. This is significant in "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS." Anyway, outlines are not only for the classification of limited egos or intentional functions. Again, limited egos' tendencies are formed, reduced, and reformed with their outlines made units. Therefore we can argue the formation, reduction, and reformation of limited egos' tendencies with their outlines made units. In this point, outlines are the most significant.

SEEMING BIPOLAR OUTLINES

There seem to be some pairs of bipolar outlines of limited egos in which the outlines oppose each other as poles and their tendencies are formed continually from one pole to another. For example 1, facing or confronting and escaping seem to be bipolar outlines. However, facing, escaping, and waiting and seeing seem to be tripolar outlines. Nonetheless, it also seems that the opposite of waiting and seeing is short-circuit. For example 2, controlling anything and submitting oneself to anything seen to be bipolar outlines. Then what about those who are lions at home and mice abroad? Some lions-mice can be looked upon as being unable to be lions-mice abroad, therefore being lions-mice intensely at home, and having the intense tendency to control anything. Other lions-mice can be looked upon as having another outline of switching lions and mice cunningly. When we look through those in such a way, we find that there are few clear bipolar or multipolar outlines.

RECOLLECTIONS OF OUTLINES OF LIMITED EGOS

Recollections of functional images are also limiting functions, and a limited number (N1) or less of functional images are recollected. So are the images of outlines of intentional functions. Usually at first, N1 or less of outlines are recollected. For example, the outlines of facing, escaping, and waiting and seeing are recollected simultaneously or one after another for a moment. Immediately thereafter, one of those outlines goes on being recollected, some detailed functional images are recollected from it, that outline retreats to the background, and those detailed functional images come to the foreground. For example, escaping goes on being recollected, the detailed functional images of running away, hiding, and so forth are recollected from it, escaping retreat to the background, and running away, hiding, and so forth come to the foreground. Such images(' sources) of outlines can be looked upon as included in functional images and contained in limited egos. In these books, they are included in them and contained in them.

USAGE OF THE WORD OF OUTLINES

In our daily lives and psychology, egos and intentional functions are usually argued with their outlines made units. For example 1, this book took the example of facing, escaping, waiting and seeing again and again, and they are outlines of limited egos and intentional functions common at least among higher mammals including human beings. For example 2, such a usage of words as "he or she is sticky" is often made in our daily lives, stickiness is one of outlines of egos and intentional functions. Therefore, unless necessary above all, the word of outlines is omitted in these books. In addition, when the outlines of (limited) egos and those of intentional functions are always distinguished and when the words of "of (limited) egos" and "of intentional functions" are always used, the sentences will be complicated. Therefore they will be omitted when it is clear from the context which is designated. For example, the words of the outline of (limited) egos of escaping are simplified into the word of facing.

SUBGROUPS OF OUTLINES OF INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

It is not in the outlines of intentional functions but in those of limited egos that tendencies matter. It is not tendencies but abilities that matter in intentional functions. Moreover, it is not the abilities of intentional functions but the tendencies of limited egos that are formed with outlines made units. Each outline is classified into some subgroups. The abilities of intentional functions are formed with such subgroups made units. For example, in the interpersonal escape as an outline of intentional functions, there are subgroups of (1) escaping straightly, (2) escaping stealthily, (3) keeping only superficial interpersonal relations, (4) creating an atmosphere hard to approach, and so on, and their abilities are formed separately. Above all, (3)(4) are rather high interpersonal functions and rarely coexist.

FUNCTIONAL IMAGES IN EGOS AND OBJECTIVE IMAGES IN DESIRES

It may be thought that functional images in egos resemble objective images in desires. All the same, from the beginning, functional images can directly cause both the excitements and transmissions of image to function neuronal ways and those of image to emotion ones. In contrast, it is only indirectly that objective images of desires can cause them.
The sources of functional images in egos are intentional functions from the beginning to the end, the outlines of limited egos and intentional functions are the properties or attributes of intentional functions like facing, escaping, waiting and seeing, being sticky, and showing off the self. In contrast, the sources of objective images in desire are the things which intentional functions deal with like power and money. All the same, this does not always means that the objects of desires are material. The objects of desires include the abilities of intentional functions like voluntary movements and thinkings and abstract things like love, eternity, and liberty.

EGOS' TENDENCIES

LIMITED EGOS'(OUTLINES') TENDENCIES AND LIMITING EGOS' TENDENCIES

    The tendencies (of the outlines) of (limited) egos has simply explained. In this chapter, they will be explained a litte more closely.
    As was explained earlier, limited egos' tendencies are formed with their outlines made units. In addition, limited egos can be argued with their outlines made units. Limited egos' (outlines') tendencies and limiting egos' tendencies or habit are defined as follows.
    In the limiting ego of an individual, the average of the tendencies of the limited egos belonging to each of the outlines which can arise in a situation can be called the (Absolute) Tendency of the Outline of Limited Egos of the Individual in the Situation. In addition, its standard deviation value among the individuals of the same species and age can be called the Tendency (Relative (in the Same Species and Age)). In addition, the matrix of such tendencies can be called the (Absolute or Relative) Tendencies or Habit of the (Limiting) Ego of the Individual in the Situation. For example, a limiting ego's relative tendencies (or habit) can be described as (the tendency to be desperate, the tendency to be sticky, the tendency to show off the self, ...) = (62. 56, 64, ...).
    After they were defined so, it seems that relative tendencies are more significant than absolute tendencies. However, they are not always. It is which absolute tendency is the largest in an individual's limiting ego that decides which limited ego(' outline) is caused. It is a limited ego belonging to the outline of limited egos whose absolute tendency is the largest in an individual's limiting ego that is caused. In addition, it does not matter whether general tendencies (of outlines) of limited egos are large or small. The difference between those tendencies matters. This can be called "Egos' Being Caused by the Difference between Absolute Tendencies." After all, absolute tendencies are fit to know which limited egos(' tendencies) will be caused and the change, that is, formation, reduction, or reformation of limited egos(' outlines) in an individaul. Relative tendencies are fit to know the originality of an individual in the same species and age and its change.
    Theoretically, limited egos' (outlines') tendencies are quantified through measuring the activities of the neuronal groups memorizing and storing the individual images' sources composig functional images' and the image to image neuronal ways among them in the rational system and image to emotion neuronal ways in the emotional system. All the same, it is impossible to measure them in living bodies. Therefore it seems that their quantification cannot help depending on observing visible intentional functions, measuring measurable autonomic functions, what is called psychological tests, and so on.
    Unexpectedly, however, the feelings against other persons and against the self like hatred, boredom, ease, and favorable impression can be accurate than those measures. Above all, the feelings of hatred and boredom are accurate against the tendency of being sticky, showing off the self, destroying anything, controlling anything. Above all, the hatred and boredom against those of the self are accurate. After all, all that each of us can do is confront the self's egos' tendencies all alone.

THE ACQUIRED FORMATION, REDUCTION, OR REFORMATION OF EGOS' TENDENCIES AND CONTENTS

(1) The neuronal group memorizing and storing the individual images' sources composing the functional images' sources and the nersonal ways among them, (2) the image to function neuronal ways, and (3) the image to emotion neuronal ways are activated mainly acquiredly. It is which limited egos' (outline's) (absolute) tendency is the largest that decides which limited egos(' outline) are caused. Therefore the tendencies (of the outlines) of (limited) egos are formed, reduced, or reformed mainly acquiredly. In addition, images' sources including functional images' are all acquiredly generated. This can be represented as "egos'contents' being formed or reduced, or reformed (mainly) acquiredly." After all, it can be said that "egos' tendencies and contents are formed, reduced, or reformed (mainly) acquiredly." In contrast, the neuronal groups involved in those tendencies and contents other than (1)(2)(3) are activated mainly innately. Above all, all neuronal groups and ways in themselves including those involved in egos are all formed mainly innately. These can be represented as "egos' frames' being formed (mainly) innately (by genes)."
Most adults feel keenly the difficulty to reform their own personalities and tend to attribute the former of personalities to genes because of that difficulty. In addition, they tend to do so because of the similarity of the personalities of parents and children and brothers and sisters. Egos' tendencies occupy most part of what is called personality, and when adults know that, they will think that egos' tendencies are formed innately by genes. However, the other part of personality, which occupies only small part, aside, egos' tendencies are formed, reduced, or reformed mainly acquiredly mainly between the baby period and the adolescent period. The babies or infants before the age of 3 have immature egos as they are, and egos' tendencies are formed also in the baby and infant period. Such egos' tendencies as are formed before the age of 3 are persistent and hard to be reduced after the age of 3. In addition, we do not remember not only such formation of egos' tendencies but also everything before the age of 3. Such acquired formation of egos' tendencies before the age of 3 is mistaken for the innate formation by genes. In addition, the similarity of personalities or egos' tendencies promotes such mistaking. Even if the personalities of parents and children and brothers and sisters resemble one another, that resemblance is due not to genes but to the fact that children were usually loved more or less and taken care of more or less by the same and almost unchangeable parents before the age of three.

THERE IS LITTLE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEXES IN EGOS' TENDENCIES

One of the writers of this book tries to take the sex into account by using the words of the same species, age, and "sex" when she defined the standard deviation values of egos' tendencies. All the same, the sex would not needs to be taken into account.
If the sex needed to be taken into account, the necessity would be in the tendencies to control anything and to destroy anything. All the same, there is no evidence that there is sexual difference in them. The fact that most of the dictators or slaughters in the history have been men only certifies that the opportunities to participate in the struggle for political powers and military forces has been given exclusively to men. If men were superior to women in the ability to struggle for powers, it only certifies that the opportunities to gain it have been given exclusively to men. Above all, the ability to struggle for powers is some intentional functions' abilities and is not egos' tendencies. Egos' tendeciea can promote intentional functions' abilities, but its contrary is rare. When we look through in such ways, we find that nothing certify that there is sexual difference in egos' tendencies in themselves. Therefore these books rarely take sex difference into account.

PERSONALITY

What is called personality consists of intelligence, knowledge, mental emotions' tendencies, intentional functions' abilities, and ego's tendencies. Egos' tendencies are the most important of them. Intentional functions' abilities, for example, interpersonal functions' abilities seem to be the most important. All the same, for example, when the tendency of limited egos' outline of interpersonal escapes is large, egos rarely cause the intentional functions of interpersonal functions, and interpersonal functions' abilities stay immature. In contrast, when the tendency of interpersonal escapes is reduced, interpersonal functions' abilities start to develop again. In addition, the tendencies of mental emotions, for example, the tendency of interpersonal anxiety sometimes seems to be the most important. All the same, when egos do not cause interpersonal functions in the internal situation of interpersonal anxiety, that anxiety goes more and more intense. In contrast, when egos enter the interpersonal relations which suit the self and cause interpersonal functions little by little, that anxiety is reduced little by little.
If we look through the other components of what is called personality, as was explained earlier, the abilities of complex voluntary movements, thinkings, and synthetic functions and the tendencies of feelings, desires, complex emotions are formed mainly acquiredly. Therefore, (the contents of) what is called personality are formed mainly acquiredly.

PERSISTENCE OF UNACCOUNTABLE OUTLINES' TENDENCIES

Though limited egos' tendencies should have been formed in order to reduce pain, there are unaccountable outlines like desperation and stickiness which seem to cause only pain. In addition, the tendencies of such unaccountable outlines are all the more persistent and are hard to reduce. They are so because of the following reasons. The babies or infants before the age of 3 have immature egos and outlines of limited egos as they are. Those outlines reduced pain, though temporarily, in the baby and infant period. The more temporarily the reduction of pain is, the more frequently babies and infants need to cause them. Therefore they caused them again and again and reduced pain. In such ways, the tendencies of those outlines of limited egos were intensely formed. However, those were events before the age of three, and none of us remember them. Those are the reason.

INFLUENCE OF INNATE OR ACQUIRED DISORDERS

The innate disorders, the disorders in the prenatal period, and those at delivery in central nervous systems decrease the abilities of memories, perceptions, associations, and thinkings in general. Natural aging decrease them slowly. Dementia does so rapidly, and head injuries and cerebrovascular disorders do so suddenly. Even if they affect egos or their tendencies, they mainly affect their rational systems, and egos cannot help being irrational in general.
In contrast, emotions and emotional systems of egos are less affected by the above disorders. Simply, they are stubborn. However, in depressive episode, chronic phase of schizophrenia, and so on, emotions and emotional systems go faint in general. Therefore egos cannot help becoming faint in general.

WHAT DECIDES EGOS' TENDENCIES IN RATIONAL SYSTEMS

    If a functional image's source is not recollected, the limited ego involving it is not caused. The tendencies of recollections of functional images decide egos' tendencies in the rational system of an individual. Simply, the way which does not occur to us cannot be carried out.
    From the baby period to the present, we perceive various intentional functions caused by familiar persons like our parents, brothers, friends, teachers, and so on, and the functional images of those intentional functions are generated, memorized, stored, and renewed. In addition, the trials and errors of the intentional functions by the self are also perceived, and their functional images are generated, memorized, stored, and renewed.
    Again, metaphorically, the rational system proposes various intentional functions which are possible and rational in situations as functional images, and the emotional system decides which of them to adopt and carry out. Here almost all the outlines of intentional functions which are possible and rational in the same species and the same age are recollected as functional images and proposed. Therefore what decides egos is not rational systems but emotional systems, and what decide egos' tendencies are not what decides the tendencies of rational systems but what decides those of emotional systems.
    For example, it seems that rational systems refrain from crimes. All the same, in most cases in most individual, crimes are recollected as functional images in rational systems, then in emotional systems, displeasure autonomic sensations similar to anxiety are caused, and crimes are rejected.

WHAT DECIDES EGOS' TENDENCIES IN EMOTIONAL SYSTEMS

    After all, what decide which (outline of) limited ego is caused is the tendencies (of the outlines) of limited egos in the emotional system and tendencies of the emotional system.
    Let's trace emotional systems retrogradely. As was explained earlier, functional impulses are limited functions, and the most intense one reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums, while making the others disappear, promote the excitements and transmissions of image to functional neuronal ways or functional neuronal groups, and cause intentional functions. What cause the most intense functional impulses are the most intense pleasure autonomic sensations. In egos, autonomic sensations are caused by the excitements and transmissions of image to emotion neuronal ways. Therefore what decide the rational system's tendencies, that is, egos' tendencies are which image to emotion neuronal ways were activated how much in the past. When we trace back them further, what decide egos' tendencies are how often and how much intentional functions caused pleasure emotions in the past.
    Again let's review the formation of egos' tendencies. In the time from the baby and infant period to the present, the intentional functions of other persons and the self are recognized, and their functional images are generated, memorized, stored, and renewed. Simultaneously in the rational system, image to function neuronal ways are activated. Simultaneously in the emotional system, emotions are caused by intentional functions' being caused, that emotions cause pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, and the neuronal ways from those functional images' sources to those pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, that is, image to emotion neuronal ways are activated. Those are repeated from the baby and infant period to the present, and their activities are retained. At present, the situation is recognized, functional images are recollected, those activated image to function neuronal ways and those image to emotion neuronal ways excite and transmit, the excitements and transmissions of the latter cause pleasure autonomic sensations and cause functional impulses, and the most intense of them reach at least the periphery of the cerebrums, promote the excitements and transmissions of image to function neuronal ways or functional neuronal groups, and cause the wholes of limited egos and intentional functions. Out of them, what decides egos' tendencies is which image to emotion neuronal ways were activated how intensely and, after all, which intentional functions caused which emotions how intensely and frequently in the past. For example, in the infant period, in situations of interpersonal relations, when an infant try to cause interpersonal functions, when it is not alienated, when it enjoyed itself, and when those are repeated twice or thrice a days for months, the tendency of limited egos' outline of interpersonal facing or confronting is formed. In contrast, when it was alienated again and again, the tendency of limited egos' outline of interpersonal escape is formed.
    All the same, as was explained earlier, there are some outlines of limited egos like stickiness which are unaccountable for human beings after adolescent period, and it seems that the more unaccountable those outlines are, the more persistent their tendencies are and the more hardly their tendencies are reduced. That is because those tendencies are formed mainly in and before the adolescent period, above all, in the baby and infant period (by the age of 3). For example, when their mothers' love is sufficient, about the age of three, human children are satisfied by or bored with the love, come apart from them little by little. In contrast, when their mothers' love is thin, whether babies or infants do go on seeking their love, do not come apart from, and do dangle around their mothers, or do not seek their love and do choose to alienate themselves from their mothers. In such a way, The tendencies to be sticky or to be alienated are formed. Such tendencies are hard to reduce. That is because they reduced pain, though temporarily, frequently in the baby and infant period.

PURE MENTAL INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS AND SYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS

INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

    Intentional functions will be closely explained before some other things about egos are explained. That is because the understanding of the former will help that of the latter.
    When egos have been defined in the above way, intentional functions are defined as the functions which can be caused directly by egos. A limited ego and the intentional functions caused by it can be called an "Ego and Intentional Function" or My Intending to Do an Intentional Function and Doing it.
    In contrast to the directness between egos and intentional functions, if egos can cause or change the other human functions, it is no more than indirectly that they can. This indirectness is more easy to feel than that directness. For example 1, in order to reduce anxiety or fear included in feelings included in emotions, all that we can do is remove their objects, escape from them, or reduce the tendencies of those emotions. For example 2, in order to reduce palpitation and dyspnea, all that we can do is take a rest or see the doctor. Here it may well be said that what are not indirect are direct.
    Intentional functions are divided into voluntary movements and synthetic functions which were explained earlier, and manipulations of images and thinkings which will be explained later. Manipulations of images include combining, dissolving, transforming, and so on. Thinkings are divided into thinkings in a narrow sense, retracings, forecastings, and daydreamings. Human synthetic functions include speaking words, writing words, eating, drinking, sexual functions, studying, working, playing, interpersonal functions, and so on. In higher mammals including human beings, even a sexual function contains some intentional functions, is a synthetic function, and is itself an intentional function. For example, human beings usually agree to do it, take off clothes, go to the bed, lay themselves on it, and do others and they are all intentional functions. After all, a human sexual function consists of intentional functions, emotions, autonomic functions, and instinctive functions.

SPONTANEOUS PURE MENTAL FUNCTIONS

Voluntary movements and synthetic functions are all intentional functions. In contrast, in pure mental functions, sensations, perceptions, associations, feelings, desires, complex emotions are not directly caused or changed by any egos, and so they are not intentional functions. They are sometimes caused or changed indirectly by egos. As for feelings, an example has already been taken. An example will be taken here as to sensations. As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," egos need to cause "voluntary movements changing sensations" to change the contents of sensations. They are not caused or changed directly by egos. We feel that they are "spontaneously" caused or changed. Therefore they can be called "Spontaneous" Pure Mental Functions.

MANIPULATIONS OF IMAGES

    Intentional functions include not only voluntary movements and synthetic functions which were explained earlier but also manipulations of images which will be explained in this section and thinkings which will be explained in some of the following sections.
    The following are caused at least in human beings:
(1)How to manipulate some images just recollected are sometimes recollected as a functional image,
(2)the ego which involve that functional image is caused,
(3)and those images recollected at first and still being recollected are manipulated in the way as is designated by that functional image.
Such manipulation is an intentional function. Such manipulation can be called egos' "Manipulation of Images" or Manipulating Images.
    More complicated pure mental intentional functions like thinking, retracing, forecasting, daydreaming, and so on consist of some associations, manipulations of images, and smaller egos.
    Manipulations of images include the following. Simple examples of them will be taken:

(C)Combining images
Circumscribing two circles' images which were separated.
(D)Dissolving images
Separating two circles' images which were circumscribed.
(T)Transforming images
Transforming a circle's image into an ellipse's.
(BC)Bringing images closer
Bringing a person's face's image closer which was recollected farther.
(TF)Taking images farther
Taking a person's face's image farther which was recollected closer.
(S)Switching images
Taking a person's face's image farther or extinct which was recollected closer by bringing another person's face's image closer which was recollected farther.
    Without any manipulations of images by egos, complex images are generated only in memories which was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES." All the same, by egos' combining images, dissolving them, transforming them, combining them again and again, more complicated complex images are generated.
    Only in spontaneous pure mental functions, images are fleeting, and they are not intensely memorized. In contrast, the images manipulated by egos remain longer in images' field, and they are intensely memorized. Simply, what we pay attention to are memorized, and the contrary are not. Egos' manipulating images can be called their paying attention to (the sources of) those images, too.

SWITCHING AND ESCAPING IMAGES

As was explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES," recollections of images have comparative quantity, and they are recollected comparatively "intensely or faintly." However, because such quantity is easy to understand with visual images in the case of manipulations of images, being intense or faint is also called being "Close or Far" visually and metaphorically in these books. Each ego can make images which was recollected farther recollected closer. This can be called Bringing Images Closer, and the contrary can be called Taking Images Farther. All the same, the latter is harder than the former. Far from that, the harder an ego tries to take images farther, the closer they will get, and the more persistently they will be recollected. That is because the image which an ego intends to take farther are being recollected as a part of the functional image in that ego. From the beginning, it is impossible for each ego to directly make unrecollected images recollected. In addition, it is hard or impossible to directly make images being recollected unrecollected, that is, to extinguish them. In addition, a certain number (N) or less of images are recollected at once. When some images are recollected closer, the other images are recollected farther or do disappear. On those grounds, each ego can take some images farther or extinguish them only by bringing some other images closer. An ego's taking some images father or extinct by bringing some other images closer can be called the ego's "Switching" images from some images to some other images. It is hard or impossible for an ego to perform what is called the "repression" of images. Each ego usually switches images.
Moreover, when an image is causing an intense displeasure feeling like anxiety, self-hatred, shame, and so on, in order to reduce that displeasure feeling, what is switched to can be any trifling image. For example, when the self's defect is recollected and is causing such pain as self-hatred, in order to reduce that pain, what is switched to can be any trifling merit of the self or demerit of others. An ego's switching from an image causing displeasure feeling to others and reducing that displeasure feeling can be called the egos' "Escaping" (from) that image or Escape of that image. In contrast, an ego's not escaping but manipulating an image causing a displeasure feeling can be called the ego's "Facing" or Confronting that image. These books never say that we should not escape from anything and never say that we should face or confront everything. They explain what we need to face or confront.

UNITARY MANIPULATIONS OF IMAGES AND COMPLEX ONES

    Manipulations of egos are similar to voluntary movements in the following aspect where there are unitary manipulations of images and complex ones.
    The manipulations of images which are inseparable into smaller ones can be called "Unitary" Manipulations of Images. For example, combining or dissolving two images or bringing closer or taking farther one image is included in them.
    In contrast, the manipulations of images each of which consists of more than one unitary one can be called "Complex" Manipulations of Images. For example, combining or dissolving a lot of images is included in them, and it can be called "Construction" or "Resolution" of Images. All the same, the construction or resolution of complicated complex images is usually done in thinkings.
    In switching and escaping images explained earlier, images go farther spontaneously by bringing other images closer. Therefore switching and escaping images are included in unitary manipulations. Therefore escaping images is easy for everybody. This easiness is the deepest pitfall, as will be explained in "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS."

ABILITIES OF MANIPULATIONS OF IMAGES AND EGOS' TENDENCIES

    It is confirmed that the neuronal groups which cause voluntary movements included in intentional functions begins with functional neuronal groups in frontal lobes, go through lower part of nervous systems and end with motor nerves. In contrast, the location of the functional neuronal groups causing manipulations of images have not been confirmed yet, but it is one of the following (1)(2). The neuronal groups causing recollections of images are located in the occipital lobes, temporal lobes, or parietal lobes. Either (1) the functional neuronal groups causing manipulations of images are located in those lobes and intervene in the neuronal groups and ways causing recollections of images or (2) the functional neuronal group causing manipulations of images are located in the frontal lobes and do stretch their axon to those lobes and intervene in the neuronal groups and ways causing recollections of images.
    Anyway, the neuronal groups causing unitary manipulations of images are activated mainly innately. Therefore the abilities of unitary manipulations of images are formed mainly innately.
    When the unitary manipulations which are to compose a complex manipulation are repeated, the function to function neuronal ways among unitary functional groups composing them are acquiredly activated, the pattern of manipulations are memorized, and the abilities of that complex manipulation are formed.
    Moreover, out of intentional functions, as far as complex manipulations of images and thinkings and the synthetic functions involving them are concerned, the following is possible. The products of manipulations and thinkings are memorized and stored and recollected as complex images, and recycled. Moreover, the patterns of complex manipulations and thinkings are also memorized and stored in the neuronal ways among individual images' sources on the basis of temporal closeness, which are included in image neuronal ways. After all, the abilities of complex manipulations of images are acquiredly formed by the activations of both function to function neuronal ways and a part of image to image neuronal ways, and their abilities are the activities of those neuronal ways.
    Manipulations of images do not involve any voluntary movements and are not restricted by physical abilities. In addition, directly, they are restricted only by internal situations not by external situations. Simply, there is little resistance to them. Therefore it is probable that even newborns, whose abilities of voluntary movements and synthetic functions are immature, play with manipulations of images. Then they can reduce boredom.
    Therefore the abilities of both unitary and complex manipulations of images are easily formed both innately and acquiredly. From the beginning, manipulations of images are too easy for their abilities to matter. While most of the other intentional functions are restricted by their own abilities, manipulations of images are not restricted by their abilities. For example, when we intend to walk, if the ability to walk is immature or reduced, we cannot walk. In contrast, it is easy to manipulate the image of walking and to walk in our imaginations.

THINKINGS

    As was explained earlier, sensations, recollections, perceptions, and associations, feelings, desires, and complex emotions are caused without egos and are spontaneous pure mental functions. In contrast, manipulations of images and thinkings are caused by egos and are intentional functions. They can be called "Pure Mental Intentional Functions."
    Human recollections of images, perceptions, associations, egos, manipulations of images, and thinkings almost always invlove some lingual images. However, if the phrase of "involving some lingual images" was always used, the sentence would be complicated. Therefore it is usually omitted in these books.
    At least in each human being, the repetition of perceptions, recollections of images, or associations and manipulations by egos of the images recollected in them sometimes compose a function. The functions composed by such repetitions can be called "Thinkings." For example, some problems are recollected as complex images, an ego brings closer some of them and propound them, some answers are associated, the ego manipulates some of them and brings closer some of them and adopt them or take them farther and reject them, and the same problems or some problems remaining or related are recollected, and the same are repeated. Such a repetition is the typical example of thinkings.
    In such a way, some egos are involved in a thinking. Above all, egos function when they bring closer and adopt a problem or an answer out of those associated. Here, the expectation for some benefits in practical thinkings, the expectation for much consistency and little contradiction in theoretical thinkings, some curiosity in general thinkings, and so on function as emotional system (motivations). A problem which is not concerned with a large benefit in a practical thinking and an answer which is contradictory in a theoretical thinking are rejected.
    Egos, by bring problems closer (a kind of manipulations), can start thinkings. In addition, egos, by switch problems (a kind of manipulations), can stop or switch thinkings. Therefore thinkings are included in intentional functions and in pure mental ones.
    Some manipulations of images or some smaller thinkings started by some smaller egos are sometimes involved in a larger thinking started by a larger ego. For example, while thinking how to see our boy or girl friends, we decide to go by train, and we start to think how to go to the station. In addition, sometimes, such a smaller thinking is prolonged and replace the larger thinking. For example, while thinking how to go to the station, we start to think how to get a car in the long run. When a larger thinking involves smaller thinkings, both are called thinkings in these books. Here is a multilayer structure where a larger thinking started by a larger ego contain some manipulations of images and some smaller thinkings started by some smaller egos. When egos are paid attention to, there is a multilayer structure of egos where a larger ego contains some smaller ones. When thinkings are paid attention to, there is a multilayer structure of thinkings where a larger thinking contains some smaller ones.

EGOS INVOLVING THINKINGS

There are also a multilayer structure contrary to the above. Sometimes in a larger ego, smaller egos manipulate or think of functional images just recollected, that is, a larger ego contains the manipulation of or thinking of functional images caused by a smaller egos. Simply, this is thinking "how to do." Above all, in the situation where egos need to cause some intentional functions but do not need to cause them at once, smaller egos think of functional images slowly and steadily. However, when writers think slowly and steadily, they find the following. In the recollections of functional images, outlines are recollected at first. Then smaller egos manipulate those outlines and think of the details which can be carried out in the external situation, and then larger egos carry out the details. This is what we usually do in our daily lives and no special thing. It is thinking how to do concretely in concrete situations. For example, the outline of interpersonal escape is recollected as functional images, and a smaller ego think whether not to go to school or office, to go there but escape interpersonal relations, or the like. In addition, it sometimes happen that while a smaller ego is thinking of functional images, another situation break out, and the larger ego is replaced by another one. In addition, while a smaller ego is thinking of functional images, a smaller thinking contained in a larger ego sometimes becomes a larger thinking containing smaller egos. For example, while we think how to escape interpersonal relations, we sometimes start to philosophically or psychologically think what I or the self who often escape them.

THINKINGS IN A NARROW SENSE, RETRACINGS, FORECASTINGS, AND DAYDREAMINGS

Out of thinkings, thinking where recollections of the real and present, the past, the future, or the unreal are dominant can be called Thinkings in a Narrow Sense, "Retracings," "Forecastings," or "Daydreamings" respectively.
In thinkings, those where manipulations of images are dominant and those where associations are dominant are intermingled. In the latter, thinkings seem to be caused spontaneously. What is called "thinking ramblings and then coming to oneself" is the latter's changing into the former.

MENTAL FUNCTIONS AND LANGUAGE

    In human beings, spoken words are sensed on auditory sensations and are generated and memorized and stored and recollected as auditory complex images. In addition, written words and signs are sensed on visual sensations and are generated and memorized and stored and recollected as visual complex images. In addition, it is probable that Braille are sensed on somatic sensations and are generated and memorized and stored and recollected as somatic complex images. The images of spoken words, written words and signs, Braille, and so forth can be called "Words Appearing as Images," "Language Appearing as Images," or "Lingual Images."
    We are shown not only words but also the things which they designate by our elders like parents, and it is sometimes clear in situations which things they designate. Therefore, when lingual images are generated or renewed, the images of the things which they represent are also generated or renewed, the neuronal ways among their sources are activated on the basis of temporal closeness. Simply, words and things are linked. As a result, when things are recollected as complex images, those complex images involve lingual images.
    Common nouns in language represent the sets of general things and have already classified things. Therefore language not only is means of transmission but also facilitates the grasp of not only particular things but also general things and facilitates the classification and systematization of things.
    In addition, some pieces of grammar in language are some patterns of associations and thinkings. For example, some conjunctions and some relations of subjects and predicates designate the relations of cause and effect. Therefore language facilitates and sophisticates associations and thinkings.
    Of course, language is means of transmission and storage, too. Through language, complicated complex images, that is, ideas are generated or renewed and memorized and stored and recollected and not only transmitted as spoken words but also transmitted and stored as written words and sighs beyond generations and regions. In such a way, complicated ideas like the Ptolemaic system and the Copernican system, the Creation and Darwin's theory of evolution, and monarchy and democracy are constructed in the human history. Some of them are resolved or reconstructed or forgotten in the following way.

CONSTRUCTION, RESOLUTION, RECONSTRUCTION, AND BEING FORGOTTEN, OF COMPLEX IMAGES

    Without egos, manipulations of images, or thinkings, complex images are also generated by the repetition of sensations and memories. All the same, complicated ones are constructed, resolved, and reconstructed through manipulations of images in thinkings.
    Some complex images are combined, dissolved, or transformed through egos' manipulations of images in thinkings, and memorized, stored, and recollected in a memory, and again combined, dissolved, or transformed, and the same are repeated. In such a way, some complex images get more complicated when combinations are dominant, some get simpler when dissolutions are dominant, and some are simply forgotten in the way that were explained in "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES." In thinkings or manipulations of images in an individual, a complex image's getting more complicated when combinations are dominant can be called its "Construction" or Being Constructed, its getting simpler when dissolutions are dominant can be called its "Resolution" or Being Resolved, and a complex image's being constructed after being resolved can be called its "Reconstruction" or Being Reconstructed.
    Resolutions and reconstructions are harder and more important functions than constructions are. For example, the resolution of the Creation and the reconstruction of the theory of evolutiom were hard or impossible for some people in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and even now. All the same, from the beginning, the complex images which are rarely manipulated or thought by egos are usually not resolved but forgotten simply.

IDEAS

    Some of the complex images' sources are not only constructed, resolved, reconstructed, and forgotten in each individual in the way that was explained in the above section but also transmitted with spoken words, written words, arts, and so on in the human society and history, some of them are again constructed, resolved, and reconstructed, and forgotten in each individual, transmitted with spoken words, written words, arts, and so on, and the same are repeated. Such complex images constructed, resolved, reconstructed, forgotten, and transmitted in such a way or their sources can be called "Ideas" or "Thoughts."
    By being manipulated, thought, and transmitted, an idea's getting more complicated when combinations are dominant can be called its Construction or Being Constructed, an idea's getting simpler when dissolutions are dominant can be called its Resolution or Being Resolved, and an idea's being constructed after being resolved can be called its Reconstruction or Being Reconstructed.
    Resolutions and reconstructions of ideas in the society and history are harder than those in each individual. That is because those who have gotten power and money and stability through old ideas strive to protect old ones and to destroy new ones. This was typified by the idea of Ptolemaic system against that of Copernican one, the idea of monarchy against that of democracy, and the idea of the Creation against that of evolution.
    All the same, in the society and history as much as in individuals, the media of ideas are dissipated and ideas are forgotten.

REALITY

    Without any egos, complex images are all generated only in memories. All the images that have been generated only in memories without any egos are real. More accurately, no reality matters without any egos.
    In contrast, by manipulations of images or thinkings by egos, some unreal images are generated, and the reality becomes a problem. In addition, around the reality, some researches, disputes, and so on are caused.
    In addition, human beings construct and transmit some unreal complex images intentionally in literature, art, and so on. This is a "Fiction."
    Moreover, human beings intentionally construct and transmit seemingly real and actually unreal complex images. This is a "Lie."
    In addition, human beings construct seemingly real and actually unreal images unintentionally. This is close to an "Illusion" or "Misunderstanding."

ABILITIES OF THINKINGS

    First, because thinkings involve the manipulations of images whose majority is manipulations of complex images, the activities of function to function neuronal ways and a part of image to image neuronal ways compose the abilities of thinkings. First, those neuronal ways are acquiredly activated, and the abilities of thinkings are acquiredly formed. A little more metaphorically, while thinkings are repeated, those neuronal ways are activated as the routes of thinkings, and thinkings come to be easily caused.
    Second, thinkings involve associations. Therefore, in the formation of thinkings, the activations of a part of image to image neuronal ways come to be dominant.
    Third, complex images including ideas explained earlier which are the products of thinkings are memorized and stored and recollected. This can be looked upon as knowledge. However, some complex images contain the routes of thinkings. Therefore, in the formation of thinkings, the activations of a part of image to image neuronal ways come to be more dominant.
    After all, the abilities of thinkings are the activities of function to function neuronal ways and those of a part of image to image neuronal ways, and the latter come to be more dominant than manipulations of images.
    In the same ways as the abilities of the other intentional functions, the abilities of thinkings are formed with not outlines but subgroups made units. For example, there are subgroups of thinkings like law, economic, philosophical, physical, biological, and daily thinkings, and few persons are excellent at all of them. Far from that, there are some sub-subgroup in each of those subgroups. For example, few persons are excellent at both social contract theory and utilitarianism.

ABILITIES OF THINKINGS AND TENDENCIES OF EGOS

    First, we need to distinguish technical thinkings in science and technology and profession and daily thinkings in our daily lives.
    Metaphorically, the formation of the abilities of technical thinkings is going through and activating those neuronal ways which predecessors went through. Such activations are done through reading books, hearing lectures, discussion, experiment, observation, and so on.
    In contrast, though the abilities of daily thinkings in our daily lives are formed through written and unwritten law, ethics, religion, and so on, most of them are formed through daily experience and in the conversations with familiar persons. Anyway, if experts or elites did not pass through their daily lives, they could not go into professional lives. Also for them, daily lives including daily human relations are vital, and daily thinkings are more important than technical thinkings.
    However, thinkings involved in egos, that is, thinkings about functional images are the most important. Rather, such thinkings are daily thinkings.
    In the same ways as in escapes of images explained earlier, egos sometimes switch from thinkings causing intense pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and shame to safe ones and escape them. Such thinkings are included in escapes of images in these books. For example, when we reach the self's defects in thinkings, because their images cause intense pain like anxiety, self-hatred, and shame, egos often escape those thinkings. Then, egos can more and more hardly face or confront the self's defects. This is the most vicious circle of ours, human beings'. Such escapes of images are caused not by the abilities of thinkings but by the tendencies of egos.
    On those grounds, it is the tendencies of egos that are more important than the abilities of thinkings and are the most important of personalities.

SYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS

    Synthetic functions involve voluntary movements and pure mental functions according to the definition in one of the above chapters. However, those pure mental functions include not only spontaneous ones but also pure mental intentional functions of manipulations of images and thinkings by egos. For example, speaking words is a synthetic function where we perceive our own spoken words, think and confirm whether they are correct, think what to speak, and utter voice. That is, it contains egos and thinkings. Synthetic functions include speaking words, writing words, calculating, operating machines, playing, working, studying, and interpersonal functions.
    Moreover a larger synthetic function sometimes contains smaller ones. For example, the various interpersonal functions in a group from its meeting to dissolving can be looked upon as a larger interpersonal function.
    Nonetheless, whether they are large or small, synthetic functions are caused by egos, and they are intentional functions.
    After all, there is a multilayer structure where a larger synthetic function caused by a larger egos contains voluntary movements, manipulations of images, thinkings, and smaller synthetic functions caused by smaller egos.

ABILITIES OF SYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS

    After all, synthetic functions are different from pure mental intentional functions in that the former involve voluntary movements. Voluntary movements is directly functioning to external situations, and synthetic functions, which contain voluntary movements, are restricted directly by external situations and by the abilities of voluntary movements. For example, when we attend a long meeting, we need to sit for hours and need muscles' forces.
    The abilities of pure mental intentional functions including thinkings are the activities of (1) the function to function neuronal ways specialized for them and (2) a part of image to image neuronal ways. Those of complex voluntary movements are the contractile forces of (3) striated muscles and the activities of (4) the function to function neuronal ways specialized for them. Therefore, the abilities of synthetic functions are the activities of (1)(2)(4) and (5) the function to function neuronal ways between (1) and (4) and the contractile forces of striated muscles.
    On the first stage of the formation of the abilities of a synthetic function, egos always cause the manipulations of images, the thinkings, and the voluntary movements which will compose a synthetic function while thinking "how to" perform each of them. While those are repeated, (1)(2)(4)(5) are activated, and synthetic functions come to be caused even if egos do not always think how to." In addition, the contractile forces of (3) which are often used for the voluntary movements involved in that synthetic function are reinforced more or less.

COMPLICATED EGOS

MULTILAYER STRUCTURE OF EGOS

    The multilayer structure of egos, and thinkings and synthetic functions, and egos taking steps were explained above. In this chapter, they will be explained, however, in some different ways.
    The limited egos where their functional images are recollected clearly and intensely and their functional impulses are caused intensely can be called Clear and Intense Egos. To the contrary, the egos where their functional images are recollected vaguely and faintly and their functional impulses are caused faintly can be called Vague and Faint Egos.
    As was explained in the above chapter, the following multilayer structures of egos concerning intentional functions are possible.

(1) A larger thinking caused by a larger ego contains manipulations of images and smaller thinkings caused by smaller egos.
(2) A larger synthetic function caused by a larger ego contains manipulations of images, thinkings, and smaller synthetic functions caused by smaller egos.
(3) A larger ego involve manipulations or thinkings of functional images caused by smaller egos.

    In (1)(2)(3), the larger egos or intentional functions are caused earlier than smaller ones by several tenthes of a second or seconds. In addition, when the larger ego starts the larger intentional function, the larger ego is caused clearly and intensely. In contrast, when the smaller egos cause the smaller intentional functions, the smaller egos are caused clearly and intensely, and the larger ego is caused vaguely and faintly. Therefore such multilayer structures of egos are possible.

INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS AS STEPS OR MEANS

When the multilayer structures are made clear in the above section, we find that egos which were explained earlier as egos taking steps are the smaller egos in (1)(2), and intentional functions in (1)(2) are details, steps, or means for . For example 1, making up, thinking which dress to put on, and putting it on are steps or means to see her or his boy or girl friend. For example 2, washing tubes are steps or means for some experiments, and experiments are steps or means for some researches. When we look over them, we find that most of our daily lives and science are steps or means.

EGOS INVOLVING THINKINGS

In a larger ego, sometimes when functional images are recollected, they do not soon cause pleasure or displeasure autonomic sensations, but a smaller ego manipulates or thinks of those functional images and modifies them, and those modified functional images cause some pleasure or displeasure sensations, the larger ego, and the modified intentional function. Here is a multilayer structure of egos (3) where a larger ego involve manipulations or thinkings of functional images caused by smaller egos. Such a large ego can be called an Ego Involving Thinkings, and such manipulations of images or thinkings caused by smaller egos can be called Thinkings Involved in Egos.
However, it takes an ego the time from tenths of a second to seconds to think. In a situation where there is no such a time, the ego and thinking end up in a half way, and only a half-way intentional function or nothing is sometimes caused. For example, when the traffic signal suddenly starts twinkling before the body enters pedestrian crossing, it sometimes happen that the upper body goes on and that the lower body stops or the contrary.

MORE THAN ONE LIMITED EGO'S BEING CAUSED

    More than one limited ego (e1, e2, …) and intentional function are sometimes caused at once. In such a case, there are comparative differences between the clearnesses and intensities of the recollections of functional images and between the intensities of functional impulses. For example, when we are thinking (caused by e1) of complicated things while walking (caused by e2) on a usual street, e1's functional image is recollected more intensely and clearly than e2's, and e1's functional impulse is caused more intensely than e2's. In such a case, as was explained earlier, e1 can be called a Clear and Intense Limited Ego and e2 a Vague and Faint Limited Ego.
    Moreover, it is probable that e3's functional image is recollected more clearly and intensely than e4's and that e4's functional impulse is caused more intensely than e3's. For example, when we are walking (caused by e3) on a steep path while we are thinking (caused by e4) of changing the route, it is probable that e4's functional image is recollected more clearly and intensely than e3's and that e3's functional impulse is caused more intensely than e4's. In such a case, e3 can be called a "Limited Ego with Intense Emotion" or an Emotional Limited Ego, and e4 a "Limited Ego with Intense Rationality" or a Rational (Limited) Ego.
    In addition, the same applies to the limited egos (et1, et2,…) caused one after another in seconds or minutes. For example 1, when we are home (caused by et1) on a holiday and then are about to go out (caused by et2), et1 is a vague and faint limited ego, and et2 a clear and intense limited ego. For example 2, when we begin to destroy (caused by et3) something with fury and then refrain (caused by et4) from doing that, et3 is a limited ego with intense emotion or an emotional ego, and et4 a limited ego with intense rationality or a rational limited ego.

SEMI-AUTOMATIC INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

    For example, egos can think of today's schedule, while walking to the station, and while carrying a bag. Thinking (1), walking (2), and carrying (3) are all intentional functions. In such a way, it is possible that more than one limited ego and intentional function is caused at once. All the same, (2)(3)'s egos are vague and faint, and (2)(3)'s intentional functions can be looked upon as going on, as it were, "automatically." However, such intentional functions as can go on automatically are confined to unitary and complex voluntary movements. Synthetic functions and pure metal intentional functions cannot. In the above example, (1) cannot go on automatically. Such intentional functions as can go on automatically can be called "Semi-automatic" Intentional Functions.
    The word "automatic" was modified by the prefix "semi-" for the following reason.
    Egos are functioning actively when they start semi-automatic intentional functions and when some great changes of the situation concerning the intentional functions are caused. For example 1, when a larger ego is starting walking, smaller egos are thinking how fast I should walk or whether I should walk or run. For example 2, when the bag is slipping off the shoulder, egos hold it tight while thinking how to prevent slipping.
    In addition, also when the complex voluntary movements whose abilities are being formed are caused, egos are functioning actively. For example, the ability to walk simply of those who always walked elegantly is immature. When they try to walk simply, egos are functioning actively and thinking how to do so.
    By the way, thinkings often seem to go on semi-automatically. All the same, thinkings consist of associations, manipulations of images or smaller thinkings by egos, and egos. Though the thinkings where associations are dominant often seem to go on semi-automatically, associations are not intentional functions but spontaneous mental functions. Therefore, more accurately, it needs to be said that the thinkings where associations are dominant seem to be go on spontaneously.
    All the same, as was explained earlier, by the repetition of thinkings, a part of image to image neuronal ways are activated. As a result, not only the abilities of thinkings but also tendencies of associations are formed. As a result, associations in thinkings become more dominant, and thinkings seem to go on more spontaneously.
    In addition, synthetic functions contain voluntary movements. The larger the occupation of voluntary movements gets, the closer synthetic functions come to semi-automatic intentional functions. For example, it seems that a synthetic function of operating a machine, while it is repeated, goes on more semi-automatically. Nonetheless, when it is compared with the automaticity of that machine, it is exactly semi-automatic.

INERTIAL EGOS

When semi-automatic intentional functions are caused and when intentional functions as steps or means are caused, though clear and intense egos function at the beginning, vague and faint egos function thereafter. Such vague and faint egos can also be called "Inertial" Egos. Simply, most of our daily lives is inertial.

EGOS' LIBERTY

Now, we find that seemingly free egos indulge themselves with their own tendencies, inertia, and emotions and are not so free. Moreover, egos indulge themselves with their own tendencies falling into a vicious circle which will be explained in "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS." All the same, in the way that will be explained in that same book, egos can reform their own tendencies. When egos do that, they get the closest to freedom. Please let us go on to "FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE―PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS."

References

SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES
―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES

FACING TENDENCIES FALLING INTO A VICIOUS CIRCLE
―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING HABITS

EXISTENCE AND LIBERTY

EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES ―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS

BASIC WORDS

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS, PURE MENTAL FUNCTIONS, SYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS, AND AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

PURE MENTAL FUNCTIONS

SYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS

INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS

MENTAL FUNCTIONS

AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS

INSTINCTIVE FUNCTIONS

SITUATIONS

OBJECTS AND MEANS

EMOTIONS

EMOTIONS

PLEASURE OR DISPLEASURE SENSATIONS

DRIVES

THE DIGEST OF "SENSATIONS AND RECOLLECTIONS OF IMAGES―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING MEMORIES"

AUTONOMIC SENSATIONS

FUNCTIONS OF PLEASURE OR DISPLEASURE AUTONOMIC SENSATIONS

FROM RECOGNITIONS TO INSTINCTIVE FUNCTIONS

IMAGE TO EMOTION NEURONAL WAYS

FEELINGS

THE EXTENSION OF THE OBJECTS OF FEELINGS

INNATE AND ACQUIRED FORMATION AND WHAT ARE INHERITED BY GENES AND WHAT ARE TRANSMITTED BY THINGS OTHER THAN GENES

MAKING USE OF THE PLEASURE OR DISPLEASURE OF THE PAST, INCREASING OR MAINTAINING THE PLEASURE AND DECREASING THE DISPLEASURE IN THE FUTURE, AND SECURING EXISTENCE

IMMINENCE OF OBJECTS

DESIRES

DEVIATIONS OF OBJECTS OF DESIRES FROM ORIGINAL ONES TO DETAILED MEANS

COMPLEX EMOTIONS

PLEASURE OR PAIN

OBJECTS OF EMOTIONS

INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONAL IMAGES AND INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

IMAGE TO FUNCTION NEURONAL WAYS AND FUNCTIONAL NEURONAL GROUPS

ACQUIRED GENERATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL IMAGES' SOURCES AND ACQUIRED ACTIVATIONS OF IMAGE TO FUNCTION NEURONAL WAYS

SPECIAL INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

UNITARY AND COMPLEX INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION TO FUNCTION NEURONAL WAYS

FORMATION OF ABILITIES OF COMPLEX INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

FORMATION OF ABILITIES OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

EGOS

IMPULSES

FUNCTIONAL IMPULSES

LIMITING FUNCTIONS

EGOS' SITUATIONS

EGOS

ANOTHER DEFINITION OF FUNCTIONAL IMAGES AND INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

LIMITING EGOS AND LIMITED EGOS

THE WHOLE OF A LIMITED EGO FROM THE FORMATION OF ITS TENDENCIES

EGOS AND, ASSOCIATIONS AND THINKINGS

EGOS AND EMOTIONS

AROUSALS OF A LOT OF LIMITED EGOS IN ONE SITUATION

EGOS TAKING STEPS

THE CONTINUITY OF LIMITED EGOS

INNATE FORMATION OF LIMITING EGOS' FRAMES AND ACQUIRED FORMATION OF LIMITED EGOS' CONTENTS

OUTLINES OF LIMITED EGOS AND INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

SEEMING BIPOLAR OUTLINES

RECOLLECTIONS OF OUTLINES OF LIMITED EGOS

USAGE OF THE WORD OF OUTLINES

SUBGROUPS OF OUTLINES OF INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONAL IMAGES IN EGOS AND OBJECTIVE IMAGES IN DESIRES

EGOS' TENDENCIES

LIMITED EGOS'(OUTLINES') TENDENCIES AND LIMITING EGOS' TENDENCIES

THE ACQUIRED FORMATION, REDUCTION, OR REFORMATION OF EGOS' TENDENCIES AND CONTENTS

THERE IS LITTLE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEXES IN EGOS' TENDENCIES

PERSONALITY

PERSISTENCE OF UNACCOUNTABLE OUTLINES' TENDENCIES

INFLUENCE OF INNATE OR ACQUIRED DISORDERS

WHAT DECIDES EGOS' TENDENCIES IN RATIONAL SYSTEMS

WHAT DECIDES EGOS' TENDENCIES IN EMOTIONAL SYSTEMS

PURE MENTAL INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS AND SYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS

INTENTIONAL FUNCTIONS

SPONTANEOUS PURE MENTAL FUNCTIONS

MANIPULATIONS OF IMAGES

SWITCHING AND ESCAPING IMAGES

UNITARY MANIPULATIONS OF IMAGES AND COMPLEX ONES

ABILITIES OF MANIPULATIONS OF IMAGES AND EGOS' TENDENCIES

THINKINGS

EGOS INVOLVING THINKINGS

THINKINGS IN A NARROW SENSE, RETRACINGS, FORECASTINGS, AND DAYDREAMINGS

EGOS AND THEIR TENDENCIES
―A PSYCHOLOGY OF ANIMALS HAVING EGOS